Basic IP Knowledge and Route Technology-A

Security Level: Internal Use Only
2014/11/4
Basic IP Knowledge
and Route
Technology
Lou Sheng 52739
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Preface
This course is developed on the
basic IP knowledge and route
technology.
By learning this course, you can
understand the TCP/IP model and
the principles at IP layer.You
will know the network hierarchy
model and the method of dividing
subnet too.
Huawei Confidential
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Guidelines
This course describes basic IP knowledge

and route technology. Before learning
this course, you should have basic

understanding on data communications
network by learning the Data
Characteristics Principle.
This course focuses on TCP/IP model

and principles at IP layer.
The difficulty of this course lies in the
understanding of network hierarchy

model and the method of dividing subnet.
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References
Data characteristics principle
Topics on data characteristics
Topic on network technology
Topic on basic principles of data

network
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Objectives
After completing this course, you should be able to:
Know network hierarchy model
Describe TCP/IP basis
Describe subnet division and route technology
Know relevant network equipment
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Contents
Network Hierarchy Model
The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge
The Method of Dividing Subnet

and The basic Route Technology
Relevant
Network Equipment
Huawei Confidential
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OSI 7 Layer Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
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Network Communication Model
The connections between the different layers

Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Router
Bridge
End System
End System
Network
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Questions
Q1: What is the purpose of network hierarchy?
Huawei Confidential
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Summary
In this chapter, you have

learned:
Huawei Confidential
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Contents

Relevant
Network Equipment
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TCP/IP Protocol and OSI Reference Model
Compared with OSI, TCP/IP technology comes from practice.

TCP/IP is simple and efficient.
TCP/IP
OSI Model
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
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Encapsulation Process of TCP/IP Protocol Stack

User data
Application
Appl Head User data
Tcp Head
TCP
Application data
IP
TCP Section
Ip Head
Tcp
Application data
Drive for Ethernet
Head IP Data Message

Eth Head
14
Ip
Tcp
Head
20
Head20
Application data
Ethernet
Frame
Eth Head
46-1500 Byte
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Data Encapsulation Mode of TCP/IP Protocol

TELNET
FTP
SMTP
TFTP
23
20/21
25
69
SEGMENT
IP PACKETS
FRAMES
BITS
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application
HTTP,Telnet,FTP,
TFTP,Ping,etc
Transpor
t
Network
Data Link
TCP/UDP
IP
IGMP ICMP
ARP/RARP
Ethernet,802.3,PPP,
HDLC,FR,etc
Interface and cable
Supply the NNI For application
Create the End to End Connect

addressing and route
select
Physical Medium Access
Data flow by binary system
Physical
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Protocols at the Application Layer
File transfer
Mail service
SMTP and POP3
Network Management
FTP and TFTP
SNMP, Telnet, Ping and Tracert
Network Service
HTTP, DNS and WINS
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Overview on Protocols at the Transmission Layer

LAYERS
Protocols
Application
TCP
Transport
UDP
Network
Data Link
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Port Number
Protocols at the transmission layer use port numbers to identify various upper
layer applications.
HTTP
socket 80
FTP
Telnet SMTP
20/21
23
25
DNS
TFTP
53
69
UDP
TCP
IP Data Package
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SNMP
161
TCP Connection
server
client
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TCP Disonnection
server
client
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Slide Window
So fast!
I cant
make it
OK,I will
reduce
size of
slide
window
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Overview on Protocol at the Network Layer

LAYERS
Protocols
Application
IP
Transport
ARP
Network
RARP
Data Link
ICMP
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IP Packet Format
0
bit 0
priority
16
Total length
offset
Flag
Protocol
Packet head checksum
Destination IP address
Source IP address
variable-length option
Padding
DATA
...
The form of IP Packet
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Rreservation
C
TOS
Identification
TTL
Version Head length

20 bytes
fixed
size
Page 24
19
24
ARP-Address Resolution Protocol

MAC address for
10.0.0.2 :
00-E0-FC-00-00-12
IP:10.0.0.1/24
MAC:00-E0-FC-00-0011
Need the
MAC address
for 10.0.0.2
ARP Reply
IP:10.0.0.2/24
MAC:00-E0-FC-00-00-12
ARP Request?
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RARP-Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

IP Address 10.0.0.1
Workstation
without Disk
RARP Reply
RARP Server
IP Address?
RARP Request?
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ICMP Protocol
Yes, I am
B
ICMP Echo Reply
Can B be
accessed?
ICMP Echo Request
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Data Link Layer
Data link layer is the second layer of OSI reference model and provides
services to the network layer on the basis of the physical layer.
Data link layer provides reliable data transmission for the physical link.
The protocols at the data link layer in a LAN include Ethernet and
Token-Ring network.
The protocols at the data link layer in a WAN include PPP, HDLC, and
Frame Relay.
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Functions of Data Link Layer

LAYERS
Function
Application
Transport
Network
Frame synchronization
Flow Control
Data Link
Link Management
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Frame Synchronization
Frame synchronization is a function that you can specify the start and
stop places of a data frame from the received bit stream.
General methods of frame synchronization are as follow:
Byte count method
Character-Stuffing delimiter method
Bit-Stuffing delimiter method
Illegal Coding Method
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Flow Control and Link Management
Flow control is provided at the data link layer and other layers.
Flow control can control the rate of transmitting data by the transmitter.
Link management indicates connection creation, maintenance and release

at the data link layer.
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Standards at LAN Data Link Layer
IEEE 802: LAN series standards
IEEE802.3: Ethernet standards
IEEE802.4: Token bus standards
IEEE802.5: Token-ring standards
IEEE802.11: Wireless LAN
IEEE 802 covers standards at the physical layer and data link layer.
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Standards at WAN Data Link Layer
WAN services are usually provided by telecom operators.
Standards at WAN Data Link Layer are as follows:
HDLC
PPP
X.25
Frame Relay
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Physical Layer
Physical layer is at the lowest layer of the OSI reference model and
directly faces physical media or channel that transmits data. The
transmission unit at the physical layer is bit. Physical layer provides an
original bit stream physical connection on a physical channel for the data
link layer. Protocols at the physical layer specify mechanical, electrical,
functional and procedural features needed for creating, maintaining and
disconnecting physical channels. The physical layer ensures bit stream to
transmit on the physical channel.
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Functions at the Physical Layer
The physical layer provides channels for data equipment to transmit data. A data
channel can be a physical medium or the connection of multiple physical media.
A complete data transmission process includes: activating physical connection,
transmitting data and terminating physical connection.
The physical layer should have the entity for data transmission to transmit data.
The physical layer should: (1) ensure that data can correctly pass through the
physical layer; (2) provide enough bandwidth (a bandwidth indicates the bit
number passing through the channel within a second) to decrease channel
blocking. The data transmission modes should meet all kinds of needs: point to
point, point to multi-point, serial or concurrent, half-duplex or full duplex, and
synchronization or asynchronization
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General Interfaces at the Physical Layer
10M Ethernet interface
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10Base-T
One of the most widely used LAN standards currently
The twisted-pair cable is used as physical transmission media.
10Base5
10Base5 was widely used in backbone LANs.
The coarse coaxial cable is used as the physical transmission media.
10Base2
The thin coaxial cable is used as the physical transmission media.
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Physical Media of 10Base-T
Category 3 twisted-pair cable
Super category 5 twisted-pair cable
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Wire Assignments of Category 5 Twisted-Pair

Cable
Side 1
Straight-through network cable 12345678
Crossover network cable
Side 2
12345678
1=white&orange
2=orange
3=white&green
4=blue
5=white&blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown
Side 2
Side 1
Side 1
12345678
12345678
Side 2
Side 1
Side 2
1=white&orange
2=orange
3=white&green
4=blue
5=white&blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown
Huawei Confidential
1=white&orange
2=orange
3=white&green
4=blue
5=white/blue
6=green
7=white/brown
8=brown
Page 39
1=white&green
2=green
3=white&orange
4=blue
5=white&blue
6=orange
7=white/brown
8=brown
100Base-TX
The physical medium is category 5 twisted-pair cable or higher.
The longest network segment is 100m.
100Base-FX
The physical medium is single-mode fiber and the network segment can
reach 10 kilometers.
The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network
segment is 2000m.
Fast Ethernet is defined by IEEE 802.3u.
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1000Base-T
1000Base-F
The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network segment is
2000m.
1000Base-LX
The physical medium is multi-mode fiber and the longest network segment is
500m.
1000Base-SX
The physical medium is category 5 twisted-pair cable or higher. The longest

network segment is 100m.
The physical medium is single-mode fiber.
1000Base-ZX
The physical medium is single-mode fiber. The length of the network segment can
be 25, 40, or 70 kilometers (extra-long).
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Questions
Q1: Describe the functions of all layers in TCP/IP protocol stack.
Q2: Describe two kinds of technologies at the transmission layer.
Q3: which layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack does the IP protocol work
in?
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Summary
In this chapter, you have learned:
The functions of each layers in TCP/IP

protocol stack.
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Contents

Relevant
Network Equipment
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Basis of Subnet Planning

Purpose of subnet planning
MAN and WAM cannot adopt the broadcast technology, so rational routing
is mandatory.
The irregularity and fixedness of the MAC addresses bring difficulty
in WAN routing.
The logic address (IP address) is flexible and can be planned.
Subnet division can decrease the address number and ease route
pressure.
Methods of Subnet Division

The scheme on the IP address divided IP addresses into subnet address and
NE address. The mask is used to differentiate two kinds of addresses.

Based on the preceding method, the global networks can be divided regularly
into flexible and adjustable subnets. In addition, rational routing can be performed.
Network management can benefit from further division of subnets.
Example:Telephone number of PSTN: Country code + area code + local telephone

number. PSTN is also a kind of subnet division.
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Introduction to IP Address
An IP address is a unique label of a network

computer.
Private IP address
10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
10.110.192.111
20.130.188.144
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Classification of IP Address
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
0 Network(7bit)
A

Class
A
Host (24bit)
128.0.0.0~191.255.255.255
1 0 Network(14bit)
Class
B
B

Host(16bit)
192.0.0.0~223.255.255.255
1 1 0
Network(21bit)
Class
C
C

Host(8bit)
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
1 1 1 0
Class
D
D

Multicast

240.0.0.0~255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 0

reservation
Class
E
E

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Special IP Address
networks
Host
Address type
purpose
Any
all0 subnet address
Indicate a network
identifier
Any
all1 Broadcast address
Indicate all hosts

in a network
127
any
all0
all1
Loopback
address
Loopback
test
Unknown network
The default route

in router
Broadcast address
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All hosts
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Introduction to Subnet Mask
The network equipment uses the subnet mask to determine which part of
the IP address belongs to the network part and which part belongs to the NE
part.
The format of a subnet mask is the same as that of an IP address. The
network part and subnet part of a subnet mask are 1 and NE part is 0. If
subnet division is not performed, the subnet mask of class A network is
255.0.0.0, that of class B network is 255.255.0.0, and that of class C network
is 255.255.255.0 by default. The subnet can make the network address more
effective. A network is divided into different subnets internally, but is a
complete network externally.
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Networks Address and Subnet Mask

IP
192 . 168 . 1.
100
address
subnetMask 255.255.255.
subnet address 192 . 168 . 1.
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Subnet Address and Subnet Mask

IP address:
subnet mask:
192 .
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000111
255 . 255 . 255 . 240

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
8 + 8 + 8+ 4 = 28
Bit sum of Mask :
Expression of IP
Address:
168 . 1 .
192.168.1.7/28
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Calculation of Subnet Address

IP address is : 192.168.1.23/28
IP address
Subnet mask
subnet address
(binary )
subnet address
(decimal )
192 .
168 . 1 .
23
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010111
255 . 255 . 255 . 240

11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00010000
192.168.1.16/28
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Calculation of Host Number

Subnet mask
subnet bitmap
Host bitmap
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
n
Host sum 2n
Usable host sum : 2n - 2

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Example:Calculation of Subnet
Address
IP address 192.168.1.100/28
/28 = 255.255.255.240
The binary code of the subnet mask is:
11111111111111111111111111110000
28bits
4bits
Host bitmap
subnet
The subnet sum 28-4 bitmap

The usable subnet sum : 28-4-2
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Example:Calculation of Host Count

Ip address 192.168.1.100/28
/28=255.255.255.240
The binary code of the subnet mask is:
11111111111111111111111111110000
4bits
28bits
network bitmap
Host bitmap
The host sum 24

The usalbe host sum: 24 -2
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Cases of Subnet Planning
For example, a company is assigned with the class-C address 201.222.5.0.

If 20 subnets are needed and each subnet is accessed with five computers,
how can the subnet be divided?

255.255.255.0
201.222.5.8
201.222.5.9
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.248
201.222.5.0
201.222.5.16
255.255.255.248
201.222.5.24
255.255.255.248
201.222.5.17
255.255.255.248
201.222.5.25
255.255.255.248
201.222.5.32
201.222.5.33
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.248
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Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.160/30
192.168.1.64/27
ISP
notice
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.164/30
192.168.1.168/30
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.172/30
192.168.1.128/27
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
CIDR reduces the scale of the route table and adds the network
expandability.
198.168.1.0
Internet
route
198.168.0.0/16
198.168.2.0
ISP
198.168.3.0
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What is a route?
A route is a path message that guides the IP packet forwarding.
Interface M
Destination
R1
network
Other network
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Classification of Route
Static route manually configured (static route).
Static route has no overhead and can be simply configured. However, manual
maintenance is needed. The static route is adaptable for simply topology networks.
Route discovered by dynamic route protocol (dynamic route)
Dynamic route has big overheads and the configuration is complex. However,
manual maintenance is unneeded. The dynamic route is adaptable for complex
topology networks.
Default route
The default route has no overhead and can be simply configured. However,
manual maintenance is needed. The default route can be manually configured or
generated by the route protocol.
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Displaying Route Table Information
[Quidway]display ip routing
Routing Tables:
Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop
Interface
0.0.0.0/0
Static
60
120.0.0.2
Serial0
8.0.0.0/8
RIP
100
120.0.0.2
Serial0
9.0.0.0/8
OSPF 10
50
20.0.0.2
Ethernet0
9.1.0.0/1
RIP
100
120.0.0.2
Serial0
11.0.0.0/8
Static
60
120.0.0.2
Serial0
20.0.0.0/8
Direct
20.0.0.1
Ethernet0
20.0.0.1/32
Direct
127.0.0.1
LoopBack0
......
Which are the necessary element

in a route table?
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Basic Principle of Dynamic Route Protocol
Functions of dynamic route protocol
Route calculation and discovery
Obtain the route from the router to other network segment in the
network by certain means.
How can the dynamic route protocol make it?
Each router sends the known route-related information to the adjacent

router. Finally, all routers can receive all routing information in the
network. Then the ultimate route can be calculated by using certain

algorithm (the next hop and cost are needed to be calculated).
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Position of Dynamic Route Protocol in Protocol

Stack
Transport
Layer
BGP
RIP
TCP
UDP
IGRP
EIGRP OSPF
Network layer IP
DataLink Layer
Physical Layer
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IS-IS
Classification of Dynamic Route Protocol
According to the running scope of the protocol
IGP (EIGRP proprietary by RIP and Cisco, IGRP, OSPF as well as IS-IS)
EGP (BGP)
According to the routing algorithm of the route protocol
Distance vector (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and BGP)
Link status (OSPF and IS-IS)
According to the data stream
Unicast route protocol
Multicast route protocol (DVMRP, PIM-SM, and PIM-DM)
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Questions
Q1: Among class A, class B and class C addresses, which network

segment belongs to private addresses?
Q2: Which network segment does this IP address belong to:

202.96.128.235/28?
Q3: If there are multiple routes to the same destination network, how can
the equipment choose the best route?
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Summary
The structure of IP address
The basic Route Technology
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Contents

Relevant
Network Equipment
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Page 67
Classification of Common Network Equipment
According to the network layers where the network equipment functions are
implemented
Equipment at the physical layer
Equipment at the data link layer
Equipment at the network layer
According to the network positions of the network equipment
Access layer equipment
Convergence layer equipment
Core layer equipment
Following describe the network equipment according to the network layers

where the network equipment functions are implemented.
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Equipment at the Physical Layer (Hub/Repeater)

Working at the physical layer, providing signal regeneration and
repeat functions, expanding network distance and network topology
Repeater
Original and currently rare network equipment, providing signal

regeneration and repeat and expanding network distance
HUB
Working at the physical layer, like a multi-port repeater, regenerating
and retiming bit signals, similar to a high speed bus
When a port receives data, the port forwards the data to all ports.
A HUB is a star structure physically and a bus structure logically.
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Equipment at the Data Link Layer (L2)
Works at the physical layer and data link layer
Introduces the routing technology, so communication no

longer relies on broadcast technology only.
Solves the collision domain problem and effectively

isolates the network segments.
Supports full duplex mode.
Supports other new technologies, such as VLAN, STP

and flow control.
Suppresses the broadcast packets.
Supports interconnection between heterogeneous

networks.
The inside of L2 switch consists of XC matrix and

multiple concurrent data buses exist. Frame exchange is
implemented by ASIC. Line speed forwarding can be

implemented with low cost.
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Equipment at the Network Layer (Router)
Works at the network layer (IP and IPX), and

implements routing and data forwarding.
Maintains L3 protocol based route table.
Forwards data based on route table.
Supports multiple ports and protocols.
Interconnects between VLANs.
Interconnects between heterogeneous networks.
Features the function of a gateway and implements

isolation between NAT and subnet.
Ensures network security and enables access control

to some extent (firewall).
The difference between the router and switch lies in

routing. The routing of a router adopts CPU and
software algorithm, so the efficiency is lower,
compared with hardware.
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L3 Switch (L3)
A network needs both L2 and L3 switches. Traditionally, the

network consists of routers and L2 switches. As a result, a
large number of equipment exists, which increases the cost
and reduces the efficiency.
Solution: Integrate the functions of the router and L2

switch: L3 switch can feature L2 switching and L3 routing
functions.
L3 is based on hardware ASIC, so has higher efficiency that

the router.
Optimize Ethernet specially.
Preliminary BAS function is implemented.
Some new features are introduced, such as ARP agency and
Catalyst 6500
VLAN convergence (L2 switch and the router do not feature
these functions).
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Router Vs L3 Switch
Topic
Router
L3
Port type
Multiform,
including :Erthernet/PO
S/ATM
Simple,including
erthernet only
Port number
Less
More
Route rule
The longest prefix

matching
All prefix matching
Forward
efficiency
Low
Hight
cost
Hight
low
L2 switch
No support
support
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Questions
Q1: Describe network equipment according to network layers?
Q2: What are the main differences between a HUB and a L2 switch?
Q3: Can L3 switch replace the router?
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Summary
Relevant Network Equipment
The function of each Network Equipment
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Sum-up
This course describes:
Relevant Network Equipment
Huawei Confidential
Page 76
Thank You
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Security Level: Internal Use Only

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

This course describes basic IP knowledge

this course, you should have basic

This course focuses on TCP/IP model

The difficulty of this course lies in the

understanding of network hierarchy

Data characteristics principle

Topics on data characteristics

Topic on network technology

Topic on basic principles of data

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

After completing this course, you should be able to:

Know network hierarchy model

Describe TCP/IP basis

Describe subnet division and route technology

Know relevant network equipment

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Network Hierarchy Model

The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge

The Method of Dividing Subnet

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Network Hierarchy Model

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Network Communication Model

The connections between the different layers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Q1: What is the purpose of network hierarchy?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

In this chapter, you have

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Network Hierarchy Model

Network Hierarchy Model

The Basic TCP/IP Knowledge

The Method of Dividing Subnet

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

TCP/IP Protocol and OSI Reference Model

Compared with OSI, TCP/IP technology comes from practice.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Encapsulation Process of TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Appl Head User data

Drive for Ethernet

Head IP Data Message

Data Encapsulation Mode of TCP/IP Protocol

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Interface and cable

Supply the NNI For application

Create the End to End Connect

Physical Medium Access

Data flow by binary system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Protocols at the Application Layer

SMTP and POP3

FTP and TFTP

SNMP, Telnet, Ping and Tracert

HTTP, DNS and WINS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview on Protocols at the Transmission Layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview on Protocol at the Network Layer