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RADIATION PROTECTION IN
DIAGNOSTIC AND
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
L 5: Interaction of radiation with matter
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Topics
Overview
To become familiar with the basic
knowledge in radiation physics and image
formation process.
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IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Electromagnetic spectrum
E
1.5
0.12 keV 1
3 eV
IR light
8000 4000
10
102
103
104
X and rays
UV
100
10
0.1
keV
0.01 0.001
Angstrm
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International Atomic Energy Agency
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1.603 10-19 J
1 keV = 103 eV
1 MeV = 106 eV
1 electric charge: 1.6
10-19 C
mass of proton: 1.672
10-27 kg
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Atom characteristics
A, Z and associated quantities
Hydrogen
A=1
Z=1
EK= 13.6 eV
Carbon
A = 12
Z=6
EK= 283 eV
Phosphor
A = 31
Z = 15
Tungsten
A = 183
Z = 74
Uranium
A = 238
Z = 92
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International Atomic Energy Agency
Bremsstrahlung:
radiative energy loss (E) by electrons
slowing down on passage through a
material
is the deceleration of the incident
electron by the nuclear Coulomb
field
radiation energy (E) (photon) is
emitted.
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Bremsstrahlung
spectrum
E
n(E)
n1E1
n2E2
n3E3
n1
n2
n3
E1
E2
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Emax
E1
E3
E2
E3
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Bremsstrahlung spectra
dN/dE (spectral density)
E0 E
From a thin target
dN/dE
E0
E
From a thick target
Bremsstrahlung
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Bremsstrahlung
after filtration
keV
keV
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International Atomic Energy Agency
Energy
(eV)
K1
100
- 20
- 70
- 590
- 2800
- 11000
- 69510
80
P
O
N
M
6
5
4
3
2
40
L L
20
K
0
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K2
60
K2
10 20
K1
30 40
50 60
70 80
(keV)
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International Atomic Energy Agency
Stopping power
E: energy loss
x: element of track
radiation
Linear Energy Transfer (LET): amount
of energy transferred to the medium per
unit of track length of the particle
Unit: e.g. [keV.m-1]
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International Atomic Energy Agency
Photoelectric effect
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Compton scattering
Interaction between photon and electron
h = Ea + Es (energy is conserved)
Ea: energy transferred to the atom
Es: energy of the scattered photon
momentum is conserved in angular distributions
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International Atomic Energy Agency
dI/I = - dx
Ix = I0 exp (- x)
Attenuation coefficients
Linear attenuation depends on:
characteristics of the medium (density )
photon beam energy
Mass attenuation coefficient: / [m2kg-1]
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Attenuation of an heterogeneous
beam
Various energies No more exponential
attenuation
Progressive elimination of photons through the
matter
Lower energies preferentially
This effect is used in the design of filters
Beam hardening effect
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Secondary
photons
Fluorescence photon
(Characteristic radiation)
Annihilation photon
Incident
photons
Secondary
electrons
Photoelectron
(Photoelectric effect)
Electron pair
E > 1.02 MeV
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(simplified
representation)
5: Interaction of radiation with matter
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International Atomic Energy Agency
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70 kV - 50 mAs
80 kV - 50 mAs
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IAEA
70 kV - 50 mAs
70 kV - 80 mAs
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100
10
(keV)
0.1
20
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30
40
50 60 70 80 90 100
5: Interaction of radiation with matter
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1.0
Total
0.1
Compton + Coherent
Photoelectric
0.01
20
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40
60
80
100
120
(keV)
140
10
1.0
Total
0.1
0.01
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Compton + Coherent
Photoelectric
20
40
60
80
100
120
(keV)
140
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image quality
patient absorbed energy
scattered radiation in the room
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Summary
The elemental parts of the atom constituting
both the nucleus and the extranucleus
structure can be schematically represented.
Electrons and photons have different types of
interactions with matter
Two different forms of X Rays production
Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation
contribute to the image formation process.
Photoelectric and Compton effects have a
significant influence on the image quality.
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