Chemical Stoichiometry

Chapter 1 :Chemical Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry the amounts of reactants consumed and

products formed in any chemical reaction are in fixed mole
ratios.
Elements Substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler materials Consists of only one type of atom only.
Compounds substances formed by the chemical
combination of 2 or more elements.

Atom Smallest particle of an element.

Molecules formed when atoms of the same element or
different element combine chemically.

Which of the following are elements, which are molecules but

not compounds, which are compounds but not molecules,
which are both compounds and molecules?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

SO2
S8
Cs
N2O5
O
P4

VII.O2
VIII.O3
IX. CH4
X. KBr
XI. S
XII.LiF

Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) of an element

Average mass relative to the mass of an atom of C-12
(isotope of carbon) which has a mass of 12 a.m.u.

Relative molecular mass (RMM) of a compound or a

molecular substance average mass of a molecule
relative to that of an atom of carbon-12.

Formula weight
The formula weight is the sum of masses of the atoms or
ions represented by the chemical formula.

Exercise 2
Calculate the relative molecular mass or formula
weight of the following substances.

a)K4Fe(CN)6
b)Al(CH3CO2)3

a)C7H14O2

Mole/mol
an amount of substances that contains as many
elementary units (atoms, molecules and formula
units) as there are atoms in exactly 12 gram of the
12C isotope.
Avogadros Number / Avogadro Constant
NA = the actual number of elementary units in a
mole of any substance = 6.022 x 1023
A mol of any substance contains Avogadros
number of elementary particles.

Example
Calculate the number of Cu atoms in
mol of Cu.
1 mol of Cu atom = 6.02 x 1023 Cu atoms
mol of Cu atom = x 6.02 x 1023
= 3.01 x 1023 Cu atoms

1. Calculate the number of (a) H2O molecules

(b) H atoms (c) all the atoms in mol of
water.

2. State the number of particles for

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

1 mol of hydrogen gas

1 mol of CO2
0.325 mol of CO3Oxygen atoms in 0.5 mol of ClO4-

Mass of 1 mole of a substance.

Numerically equal to the atomic mass, molecular mass of
formula mass but is expressed in the unit g/mol.
Mol substance =
Mass (gram) of substance
Molar mass of substance (g mol-1)

Number of elementary units

= mol x Avogadros
number, NA (atoms/molecules/formula units)

Mol =

Grams

Grams
Molar mass

No. of particles = mol x avagadro

no.

Mol

Grams = mol x Molar mass

No. of particles

mol = No. of particles

avagadro no.

Calculate the number of C12H22O11 molecules in 453.6

grams of cane sugar.
1 mole sugar ------ 342.3g (Molar mass)
453.6 g x 1 mol x 6.02 x 1023 molecules
342.3 g
1mol
= 7.98 x 1023 molecules.

- Pay attention to the units during calculation, choose

the correct unit factor.

Calculate the number of moles present in each of the

samples given below:
a)
10.5 g Ca(OH)2
b) 0.2 x 1023 Fe atom
c)
1.5 x 1024 CH4 molecules
a)

Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40 + 2 (16 + 1) g

= 74g/mol.
mol Ca(OH)2 = mass/molar mass
= 10.5 x 1/74 = 0.142 mol

b) 1 mol Fe has 6.02 x 1023 Fe atoms

mol Fe atoms = No of atoms /NA
= 0.2 x 1023 x
1
6.02 x 1023
= 0.033 mol

c) 1 mol CH4 has 6.02 x 1023 CH4 molecules

mol CH4 = No of molecule / NA
=1.5 x 1024 x
1
6.02 x 1023
= 2.49 mol

1.Calculate the number of mol of ;

13.5 g NH3
3.01 x 1023 molecules of S8
5.72 g oxygen gas

2. There are 9.03 x 1023 Na atoms in Na2O.

Calculate the number of moles of Na2O.

Empirical formula the simplest possible whole

number ratios of all the atoms in a

compound.
Molecular formula formulae which shows the

exact number of atoms of each elements in a

molecule.

Percent composition/mass percent of a

compound = the percent by mass of each
type of element in a compound.
% composition =
mass of the element in 1 mol of compound x 100
molar mass of compound

The sum of the mass percent of all the

elements in a compound as represented by
its chemical formula is equal to 100%.

Calculate the mass percent of each element in

hydrated magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7H2O.
Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O
=24 + 32 + (4 x 16) + 7(2x1 + 16)= 246 g/mol.
Mass % of Mg = 24/246 x 100 = 9.76%
Mass % of S = 32/246 X 100 = 13.0%
Mass % of O = 64/246 X 100 = 26.02%
Mass % of H2O = 126/246 X 100 = 51.22%

EXERCISE
Calculate the percentage composition of
each elements in NaHCO3 and P4O10

MASS OF
ELEMENT
Assume 100g sample

CALCULATE THE
MASS OF EACH

Use molar mass

CALCULATE THE
MOLES OF EACH

Calculate molar ratio

for each
ASSIGN EMPIRICAL
FORMULA
X coefficient (n)

ASSIGN MOLECULAR
FORMULA