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problema.
Multi combustible.
Independiente de la disponibilidad de apenas un combustible.
Utiliza el combustible ms barato a todo instante .
Expedita en la:
Construccin e ampliacin
menor a 1 ao.
Operacin
Partidas y paradas rpidas.
Operacin como base, peaking, o en emergencias.
Modulacin de la Carga
Confiable
Mltiples unidades generadoras
Eficiente
En todas las condiciones de operacin.
Econmica
Inversiones menores.
Menos intereses durante la construccin.
Ambientalmente Correcta
Menor emisin debido a la mayor eficiencia.
Menor Consumo de agua para enfriamiento
Confiabilidad
80
Nvel(%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
Nvel
2000
2001
2002
Fonte: ONS
7
2003
2004
Fonte: ONS
8
$
I $
Cc
P
n
,
i
C
$
/
MWh
8760
mt
v
c
ano
MW .ano MWassegurado
I $
$
Cc
Pmt n, i Cv $ / MWh Fc
Fonte: Stoft, Steven, Power Systems Economics Designing Markets for Electricity, IEEE Press, 2002
10
11
Punto de Equilibrio
C ft Cvt Fc C f h
Fc
C f h C ft
Cvt
12
Fonte: ONS
13
14
Russia
Japo
UK
Itlia
Fonte: EIA
15
Ir
Fonte: EIA
16
Fonte:DOE
17
Fonte: IEA
18
19
20
Flexibilidad de combustible de
los motores Wrtsil
Bio Diesel
HFO-Water Emulsion
Palm Oil
High Viscosity HFO
Orimulsion
Rape Seed Oil
Petrleo Crudo
Gas Natural
leo Combustible
Diesel
2004
1970
1980
1990
2000
21
2010
Motores 46&32 GD
Bicombustible
Ignicin del Gas con
combustible piloto
Gas en Alta Presin
Diesel u leo
Combustible pueden ser
back-up
22
Tecnologa GD Gas/Diesel
Principio de Funcionamiento (Ciclo Diesel)
Exh.
In
Exh.
In Exh.
In
23
Combustible Compartido
Combustibles lquidos
Diesel, leo Combustible, Petrleo Crudo, etc
Gas
La cualidad del gas no es critica.
de Combustible
Gas
Combustible lquido
Combinaciones de los dos.
operacin
24
Combustible Compartido
Diesel
share %
Gas
share %
100
10
90
20
80
30
70
40
60
50
50
60
40
70
30
80
20
90
10
100
GD operation
best efficiency
Fuel Sharing
reduced
efficiency
Fuel Sharing
Fuel Sharing
high efficiency
Transfer window
Fuel oil operation
best efficiency
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Engine load%
25
Referencias GD
Installation
Country
Type
Engines
Ruusutarhat
Finland
1 x 4R32GD
Ringgold
USA
3 x 18V32GD
IVO
Finland
Co-generation plant
1 x 18V32GD
Kafco
Bangladesh
1 x 12V32GD
Grindstedt
Denmark
Independent co-generation
2 x 18V32GD
Korea
Stand-by
1 x 18V32 GD
CityGen
UK
Independent co-generation
2 x 18V46 GD
Eskisehir
Turkey
1 x 18V32GD
Arselik
Turkey
1 x 18V32GD
Zecca
Italy
Co-generation plant
1 x 16V32GD
Osborne Mine
Australia
Power production
1 x 18V32GD
Haripur
Bangladesh
8 x 18V46GD
26
Note
Barge
EX
IN
EX
**
**
*
*
**
IN
EX
*
*
Entrada
Aire y Gas
Compresin
del Aire y Gas
27
Ignicin del
leo Piloto
Referencias DF
Installation
Country
Engines
Camis
Turkey
4x18V32
Southampton
UK
1x18V32
Grindsted
Denmark
1x18V32
Videocon
India
1x18V32
Glle
Turkey
1x18V32
Sempra
USA
1x18V32
Chambersburg
USA
4x18V32
Manisa
Turkey
3x18V50
Barajas
Spain
6x18V32
Salekhard
Russia
1x18V32
Century Power
Pakistan
3x12V32
28
Load [%]
80%
40%
20%
0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Minutes
GE power
30
GT power
120
140
160
180
Efficiency
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
Average efficiency (50MW plant) first 3h
Gas Turbine CC (multi shaft)
38%
Gas Engine plant
43%
10%
5%
0%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Minutes
GE Efficiency
31
GT Efficiency
140
160
180
2
GT Hot section
overhaul
GT Hot section
overhaul
GE LM2500
1
Wrtsil gas engine
0
0
10000
20000
30000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Output will
remain
unchanged
for gas
engines
-2
GE LM2500
-3
-4
-5
-6
90000
Gas engine
overhaul
-1
Change in Power
40000
32
Running
hours [h]
33
Gas pressure
Requerimiento de presin de gas en las turbinas.
Las turbinas a gas requieren mayor presin de gas.
Para estos ejemplos, una LM6000 requiere min. ~35 bar (515 psig).
Los motores a gas de Wrtsil gas engines requiere una presin de gas de ~4 bar (59
psig).
Data: LM6000; MN 80, heating value 35000 kJ/Nm3, heat rate 2100 Kcal/kWh
34
4000h 8000h
Fuel (oil + gas)
/MWh
33.77 33.77
Lube oil
/MWh
0.25
0.25
O & M, including operation
/MWh
6.59* 3.88*
Interest payments
/MWh
4.24
2.12
Repaym.of principal
/MWh
13.68 6.84
__________
Total costo
/MWh
58.54 46.86
*) Mantenimiento hecho por especialistas del extranjero.
/MWh
/MWh
/MWh
/MWh
/MWh
Total cost
/MWh
35
35.44
35.44
0.63
0.63
4.69
3.4
3.19
1.6
10.30
5.15
__________
53.24 46.22
36
9x18V50DF + ST
GE 2xFrame 6B + ST*
163 MW
159 MW
131 MW
118 MW
7530 kJ/kWh
47,8 %
7500 kJ/kWh
48,0 %
Heat rate:
Average aging impact
Partial load operation
Impact of Dry cooling
Guaranteed net Heat Rate
Net efficiency
0,5 %
1,6 %
0,0 %
7688 kJ/kWh
46,8 %
2,0 %
3,2 %
2,6 %
8085 kJ/kWh
44,5 %
Output:
Net output after ageing
159 MW
115,8 MW
39
40
42
Air Cooled
Steam Condenser
Engine Hall
+ 16 600
41800
11700
29600
110700
43
27600
Section
Exh. gas & charge air module
Generator duct
Cooling Water
Expansion Vessel
+ 11900
Crane 0.5 Tn
Rupture Disc
Crane 0.5 Tn
Oilwetted
Filter
Ventilation Unit
(Engine hall)
Neutral Point
Cubicle
Engine Generator Set
Ventilation Unit
Aux. area
Aux. Module
LO Separator Unit
Pipe Rack
Booster Unit
29600
44
Lay-Down
Area
Ventilation
Unit Engine
Hall
Steam
Turbine
+3450
+0.0
Plan layout
47700
Level +3000
Level +5400
+1366
+1366
Expansion
Vessel
Booster Unit
Ventilation Unit Aux. Area
Exhaust gas boiler
Boiler Washing
Water Tank
45
1 x ST
FROM OTHER
BOILERS
405 C
CONDENSER
FROM OTHER
BOILERS
105C
150 MWe
FEED WATER
TANK
9x18V50DF
13 MWe
~ 200C
46
47
Switchyard
LO-Pump
Shelter
Fire water container
Cooling
pipes
Utility
block
Cooling
pipes
Radiators
Boilers
Administration/
Workshop & Warehouse
Type B3 (optional)
48
49
50
7.11.2014
2
GT Hot section
overhaul
GT Hot section
overhaul
GE LM2500
1
Wrtsil gas engine
0
0
10000
20000
30000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Output will
remain
unchanged
for gas
engines
-2
GE LM2500
-3
-4
-5
-6
90000
Gas engine
overhaul
-1
Change in Power
40000
52
Running
hours [h]
GT Hot section
overhaul
2
GT Major
overhaul
GT Hot section
overhaul
GE LM2500
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
Change in Power
-1
-2
-3
GE LM2500
-4
-5
-6
53
Running
hours [h]
Source: GER-3620J
55
56
Maintenance Interval
- For Industrial Gas Turbines
Combustion Inspection
Short maintenance stop, where the combustor section is checked and some parts are changed
Source: GER-3620J
57
Maintenance Interval
- For Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
Performance deterioration can be divided
into Recoverable and Unrecoverable
deterioration
The Recoverable part is manly due to
fouling of the airfoil surface that can be
recovered through online washing or cranksoak wash
The Unrecoverable part cant be recovered
through washing and can be seen in the
figure on the right
Hot section repair (25000h)
High pressure turbine components are replaced 60% of loss recovered
Possibility to change parts in high pressure compressor 80% of loss recovered
58
Maintenance agreements
Maintenance cost
Typical maintenance cost of a GT is 3-8% of the investment cost
This means for a medium sized industrial type GT approx. 3.2 /MWh in a
continuous base load application
There is only small difference between simple and combined cycle
To get a lease engine during overhauls off site, the customer must sign a leasing
contract with an annual fee (few hundred k$/y) and a weekly fee.
59
Generacin Flexible
61
62
Multi combustible.
Independiente de la disponibilidad de apenas un combustible.
Utiliza el combustible ms barato a todo instante .
Expedita en la:
Construccin e ampliacin
menor a 1 ao.
Operacin
Partidas y paradas rpidas.
Operacin como base, peaking, o en emergencias.
Modulacin de la Carga
Confiable
Mltiples unidades generadoras
Eficiente
En todas las condiciones de operacin.
63
Inversiones menores.
Menos intereses durante la construccin.
Gastos fijos menores.
Consume combustible slo cuando necesario.
Expansin rpida y en pequeos mdulos.
Ambientalmente Correcta
Menor emisin debido a la mayor eficiencia.
Menor Consumo de agua para resfriamiento.
64
Confiabilidad
65
Fonte: ONS
66
Fonte: ONS
67
$
I $
Cc
P
n
,
i
C
$
/
MWh
8760
mt
v
c
ano
MW .ano MWassegurado
I $
$
Cc
Pmt n, i Cv $ / MWh Fc
Fonte: Stoft, Steven, Power Systems Economics Designing Markets for Electricity, IEEE Press, 2002
68
69
70
Punto de Equilibrio
C ft Cvt Fc C f h
Fc
C f h C ft
Cvt
71
60000
58000
56000
54000
MWmean
52000
50000
48000
46000
44000
42000
40000
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
200
0
Fonte: ONS
72
200
1
200
2
200
3
200
4
73
Russia
Japo
UK
Itlia
Fonte: EIA
74
Ir
Fonte: EIA
75
Precios Histricos
Disel
HFO 1% S
LFO 0.035% S
US$ / ton
250
HFO 3% S
200
150
OCA1
OCB1
100
50
0
1989 1994 2000
76
US$/MMBTU
4
3
2
1
0
1990
1995
2002
2010
Ano
Oleo
Fonte:DOE
77
Gas
2015
2020
2025
Fonte: IEA
78
Flexibilidad de combustible de
los motores Wrtsil
Bio Diesel
HFO-Water Emulsion
Palm Oil
High Viscosity HFO
Orimulsion
Rape Seed Oil
Petrleo Crudo
Gas Natural
leo Combustible
Diesel
2004
1970
1980
1990
2000
79
2010
Motores 46&32 GD
Bicombustible
Ignicin del Gas con
combustible piloto
Gas en Alta Presin
Diesel u leo
Combustible pueden ser
back-up
80
Tecnologa GD Gas/Diesel
Principio de Funcionamiento (Ciclo Diesel)
Exh.
In
Exh.
In Exh.
In
81
Combustible Compartido
Combustibles lquidos
Diesel, leo Combustible, Petrleo Crudo, etc
Gas
La cualidad del gas no es critica.
de Combustible
Gas
Combustible lquido
Combinaciones de los dos.
operacin
82
Combustible Compartido
Diesel
share %
Gas
share %
100
10
90
20
80
30
70
40
60
50
50
60
40
70
30
80
20
90
10
100
GD operation
best efficiency
Fuel Sharing
reduced
efficiency
Fuel Sharing
Fuel Sharing
high efficiency
Transfer window
Fuel oil operation
best efficiency
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Engine load%
83
Referencias GD
Installation
Country
Type
Engines
Ruusutarhat
Finland
1 x 4R32GD
Ringgold
USA
3 x 18V32GD
IVO
Finland
Co-generation plant
1 x 18V32GD
Kafco
Bangladesh
1 x 12V32GD
Grindstedt
Denmark
Independent co-generation
2 x 18V32GD
Korea
Stand-by
1 x 18V32 GD
CityGen
UK
Independent co-generation
2 x 18V46 GD
Eskisehir
Turkey
1 x 18V32GD
Arselik
Turkey
1 x 18V32GD
Zecca
Italy
Co-generation plant
1 x 16V32GD
Osborne Mine
Australia
Power production
1 x 18V32GD
Haripur
Bangladesh
8 x 18V46GD
84
Note
Barge
EX
IN
EX
**
**
*
*
**
IN
EX
*
*
Entrada
Aire y Gas
Compresin
del Aire y Gas
85
Ignicin del
leo Piloto
Referencias DF
Installation
Country
Engines
Camis
Turkey
4x18V32
Southampton
UK
1x18V32
Grindsted
Denmark
1x18V32
Videocon
India
1x18V32
Glle
Turkey
1x18V32
Sempra
USA
1x18V32
Chambersburg
USA
4x18V32
Manisa
Turkey
3x18V50
Barajas
Spain
6x18V32
Salekhard
Russia
1x18V32
Century Power
Pakistan
3x12V32
86