Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Shigella
60
S. Pneumoniae
50
H. Influenzae
40
30
20
10
0
Chloramphenicol
Cotrimoxazole
Antibiotic
Ampicillin
Nalidixic Acid
3
700
600
Number
500
400
300
200
100
admissions
deaths
<1
740
224
1-2
148
23
3-5
147
22
Older
87
6
Resistance Frequency
100
2006
2007
2008
80
60
40
20
Antibiotic
Gentamycin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Ciprofloxacin
Penicillin
Co-trimoxazole
Ampicillin
respectively.
Structured questionnaires (adapted from the WHO assessment
form) were used to conduct the interview.
Training of data collectors was carried out
The survey was carried out 2009 and 2010.
The study obtained ethical approvals from the University of
Zambia Ethical Review Board, the Ethical Review Committee of
Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, and
Boston Tufts University Institutional Review Board
Mansa
10
11
Microbiology Laboratory
University Teaching Hospital of Lusaka
12
Microbiology Laboratory
University Teaching Hospital of Lusaka
Number of laboratories
(n=29)
14
15
14
7
14
Number of laboratories
7
7
3
16
Kibuli Hospital
Kisubi Hospital
Lira Regional Referral
Hospital
Cure Hospital
Jinja Regional Referral
Hospital
Soroti Hospital
Kuluva Hospital
Masaka Regional Referral
Hospital
Arua Regional Referral
hospital
Lacor Hospital
Kiwoko Hospital
Kagando hospital
Nsambya Hospital
Kitovu Hospital
Tororo Hospital
Entebbe Hospital
Kibuli Hospital
Gulu Independent
Hospital
Rubaga Hospital
17
18
surveillance
19
20
21
22
23
$5.81
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
$4.18
$3.51 $3.84
$2.74
$2.19
$1.62 $1.78
5000
CSF
Stool
Hemoglobin
FBC
Blood
Sputum
Urinalysis
Malaria
Laboratory test
Average costs for performing blood smear for malaria, urinalysis, Sputum,
blood culture, CSF cultures, and stool cultures by different laboratories
Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics
25
Specimen handling
26
27
8.
9.
10.
28
29