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Big

volumes, but in remote onshore

or deep offshore settings


Low

concentration regimes

Low

flowrate expectations

Environmentally

sensitive areas
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Gas recovery from hydrates is challenging because the


gas is in a solid form, and because hydrates are widely
dispersed in hostile Arctic and deep marine
environments.
The decomposition reaction of typical naturally occurring
methane
hydrate
can
be
represented
by:
(CH4 6H2O)solid (CH4)gas + 6(H2O)liquid.
Holder et al. (1982) showed that the energy value of the
produced gas is approximately 10 times the energy
required to dissociate hydrate in typical reservoirs.

The mechanism of production of gas hydrates is


based on mainly three objectives.

Bring

the pressure and temperature


conditions around hydrate particles outside
the hydrate-stability zone.
Sustain the energy required for the
endothermic reaction.
Provide a means to transfer the products of
decomposition to the production wells.
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Several recovery processes have been suggested that can be divided


broadly into three categories: Depressurization, Thermal Stimulation, and
Inhibitor injection.

Schematic representation of the three-phase equilibrium


curve and methods of hydrate decomposition.

Depressurization is considered to be the most economically promising


method for the production of natural gas from gas hydrates.

The Messoyakha gas field in northern Russia is commonly used as an


example of a hydrocarbon accumulation from which gas has been produced
from hydrates by simple reservoir depressurization.

Schematic of proposed gas hydrate production method: (a) thermal injection; (b)
depressurization; (c) inhibitor injection.

A variety of gas hydrate research programs are currently underway


in different parts of the world for economic production of gas
hydrates.

In 1999-2000, the Japan National Oil Corporation with funding from


Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) drilled a series of
gas hydrate test wells in the Nankai Trough off the southern coast of
Japan and discovered distribution of methane hydrate in sandstone
layers.

In 2001, MITI has started Japans Methane Hydrate Exploitation


Program, a 16-year program in which methane hydrate is defined as
a future energy resource that is expected to exit in large amounts
offshore around Japan.

Canada has a long history of gas hydrate research that begins in the
1970s. Subsequently the most significant efforts to assess gas
hydrate include the collaborative 1998 and 2002 Mallik gas hydrate
research well programs.

In mid-August-2006, a team of scientists from India, North America,


and Europe, led by the Indian Directorate General of Hydrocarbons
(DGH) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), completed a fourmonth expedition for the occurrence of gas hydrates in the offshore
of India.

The DOE Gulf of Mexico Joint Industry Project (JIP) is an aggressive


multimillion-dollar gas hydrate research program focused on the US
Gulf of Mexico.

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