Diesel

Engine

Aguinaldo, Cellan, Gregorio, Medrano

In 1878, Rudolf Diesel was attending the Polytechnic High

School of Germany (the equivalent of an engineering
college) when he learned about the low efficiency of
gasoline and steam engines. This disturbing information

inspired him to create an engine with a higher efficiency,

and he devoted much of his time to developing a
"Combustion Power Engine." By 1892 Diesel had obtained
a patent for what we now call the diesel engine.

COMPRESSION
When working on his calculations, Rudolf Diesel theorized that
higher compression leads to higher efficiency and more power.

Rudolf turned out to be right -- a gasoline engine compresses at

a ratio of 8:1 to 12:1, while a diesel engine compresses at a ratio
of 14:1 to as high as 25:1.

When air molecules are packed so close together, fuel has a

better chance of reacting with as many oxygen molecules as
possible.

Diesel Engine
Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and fourstroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient
replacement for stationary steam engines.
Since the 1910s, they have been used in submarines and ships
while use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and
electricity generation plants followed later.
In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few
automobiles.

Diesel Engine
All

diesel

engines

compression
process

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after

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chamber

ignition,

in

the
the

causing

self ignite.

use
a

fuel

is

air

is

combustion

the

fuel

to

Components of Diesel Engine

Diesel engine components are
exposed to higher operating
temperatures, pressures and
forces than gasoline engines.
Compression ratios are higher.
Often designed to out-last
gasoline engines.
Engine parts are usually heavier
or more rugged.

Structural/ Stationary
Parts
Running Parts

Structural/ Stationary Parts

to support running parts

to keep them in position and line
to provide jackets and passages
to form protective casing for running parts

Bedplate
foundation on which the engine
is built
must be rigid

Frame
load-carrying part of an engine
it may include parts as the cylinder
block,base, sump and end plates
in two-stroke engines, frames are
sometimes known as A-frames

Cylinder Block
part of the engine frame that
supports the engine cylinder liners,
heads and crankshafts
are made of castings and plates that
are welded horizontally and
vertically for strength and rigidity
(stiffener)

Cylinder liner
a bore in which an engine piston
moves back and forth
replaceable
the material of the liner must
withstand extreme heat and
pressure
must permit the piston and its
sealing rings to move with a
minimum of friction

Cylinder head (cylinder

cover)
the space at the combustion chamber top is formed
and sealed by a cylinder head
(the two-stroke engine lacks the intake valve)

Running Parts
to convert the power of combustion in the cylinders to
mechanical work

Piston
must be designed to
withstand extreme heat and
combustion pressure
made of cast iron or
aluminium

Piston rod

connects the piston with the crosshead

Crosshead
the crosshead pin connects the piston rod to
the connecting rod
prevent the connecting rod from moving
sideways as the piston and rod reciprocate

Connecting rod
it is fitted between the
crosshead and the
crankshaft
it transmits the firing
force, and together with
the crankshaft converts
the reciprocating motion
to a rotary motion

Crankshaft
one of the largest moving parts
it consists of a series of cranks
formed in a shaft
converts reciprocating motion
of the piston into rotary motion
counterweights for balancing
purposes

Operating Principle
In the true diesel engine, only air is introduced into the combustion
chamber.
The air is then compressed and with the high compression, temperature
rises to 550 C (1022 F).
At about the top of the compression stroke, fuel is injected directly into
the compressed air in the combustion chamber.
The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the
droplets of the fuel.
The vapor is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the
combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their
surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has
been burnt.
The start of vaporisation causes a delay period during ignition and the
characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapor reaches ignition
temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston.
The rapid expansion of combustion gases then drives the piston
downward, supplying power to the crankshaft.

Basic Types of Diesel Engine

Four-stroke diesel engine
Two-stroke diesel engine

 FOUR-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

1) Intake stroke -- The intake valve opens up, letting
in air and moving the piston down.
2) Compression stroke -- The piston moves back up
and compresses the air.
3) Power stroke -- As the piston reaches the top,
fuel is injected at just the right moment and ignited,
forcing the piston back down.
4) Exhaust stroke -- The piston moves back to the
top, pushing out the exhaust created from the
combustion out of the exhaust valve.

Four-stroke diesel engine

Compression stroke
Power Stroke
Exhaust stroke

Intake stroke

 TWO-STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE
Are more simple mechanically than fourstroke engines, but more complex in
thermodynamic
and
aerodynamic
processes.
In a two-stroke engine, the four "cycles"
of internal combustion engine theory
(intake, compression, ignition, exhaust)
occur in one revolution.

 TWO-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Intake begins when the piston is near the bottom dead center. Air is admitted to the
cylinder through ports in the cylinder wall (there are no intake valves).
As the piston rises, the intake charge of air is compressed.
Near top dead center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the extremely high
pressure and heat created by compression, which drives the piston downward.
As the piston moves downward in the cylinder it will reach a point where the exhaust
port is opened to expel the high-pressure combustion gasses.

Two-stroke diesel engine

Diesel Fuel Injection

The injector on a diesel engine is its most complex component.
The injector has to be able to withstand the temperature and
pressure inside the cylinder and still deliver the fuel in a fine mist.

Mechanical and Electronic Injection

Indirect Injection
Direct Injection
Unit Direct Injection
Common Rail Direct Injection

Mechanical and Electrical Injection

20th century
Most present-day diesel engines use a mechanical single plunger highpressure fuel pump driven by the engine crankshaft.
For each engine cylinder, the corresponding plunger in the fuel pump
measures out the correct amount of fuel and determines the timing of
each injection.
These engines use injectors that are very precise spring-loaded valves that
open and close at a specific fuel pressure.
Each injector is operated by an electronic control unit, resulting in more
accurate control of injector opening times that depend on other control
conditions, such as engine speed and loading, and providing better engine
performance and fuel economy.

Indirect Injection
An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the
combustion chamber, called a pre-chamber or ante-chamber, where
combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber,
assisted by turbulence created in the chamber.
This system allows for a smoother, quieter running engine, and because
combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower.

Direct Injection
Direct injection diesel engines have injectors mounted at the top of the
combustion chamber.
Hydraulic pressure activated injectors can produce harsh engine noise.
Fuel consumption is about 1520% lower than indirect injection diesels.
The extra noise is generally not a problem for industrial uses of the engine,
but for automotive usage, buyers have to decide whether or not the
increased fuel efficiency would compensate for the extra noise.

Unit Direct Injection

Unit direct injection also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the
engine.
In this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit
positioned over each cylinder controlled by the camshaft. Each cylinder
has its own unit eliminating the high-pressure fuel lines, achieving a more
consistent injection.
Volkswagen AG in cars, Mercedes-Benz, and most major diesel engine
manufacturers in large commercial engines

Common Rail Direct Injection

In common rail systems, the separate pulsing high-pressure fuel line to
each cylinder's injector is also eliminated.
The common rail is a tube that supplies each computer-controlled injector
containing a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid
or piezoelectric actuator.

Seat Work
Answer on Physics notebook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

By 1892, he had obtained the patent of the diesel engine.

The stroke where the piston moves back up and compresses the air.
Parts of the engine that support the running parts.
Stroke where the piston moves back to the top, pushing out the exhaust
created from the combustion out of the exhaust valve.
In a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _engine, the four "cycles" of internal combustion
engine theory occur in one revolution.
Due to high compression, temperature rises to _ _ _ C before fuel is
injected directly into the combustion chamber.
Enumerate the 2 main components of diesel engine
Enumerate the 2 basic types of diesel engine