The System Z World

IBM India Software Labs
The System z world
K.Shreekanth
Lab Architect
IBM Software Labs
2008 IBM Corporation
IBM India Systems and Technology Lab
Agenda
History & Evolution of System z (Mainframes)
System z facts
Why System z
Unique ITIes of System z
Specialty Engines
Roles in Mainframe World
The System z world
History & Evolution of System z (Mainframes)
Mark I - Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, 1944

First ever fully-automatic
calculator
Developed in collaboration
with Harvard University
51 feet x 8 feet. 5 tonnes

Built using gears, counters,
switches, adding machines
One addition in 1/3 of a
second
One multiplication in 6
seconds
Loop was created by
physically looping the
Punched Paper tapes
4
The System z world
IBM 701 (1953)

Used Electrostatic storage
(vacuum tubes)
Could store 2048 words (4
bytes each)
18 bit instructions (sign 1,
opcode 5, address 12)
2 registers (Accumulator and
Multiplier/Quotient)
It executed 17,000
instructions per second
The System z world
IBM 7090 (1959)

Fully transistorized mainframe
36 bit words, 36 bit
instructions, address space
size of 32K.
229,000 calculations per
second
US Air force used it to run
their Ballistic Missile Early
Warning System
NASA used it for simulating
the moon flight
The System z world
S/360 (Big Iron) & OS/360 (1960s)

IBMs $5 Billion Gamble
19 combinations of power, speed and
memory
Dedicated I/O Processors, Parallel
I/O channels
8 bit bytes, Byte addressable

storage
16 GRs and 4 FPRs, each 32 bit.
EBCDIC was introduced
Microcode (Firmware)
In 1969, Apollo 11s moon landing

was supported by many S/360s and
IMS
The System z world
S/370 & OS/370 (1970s)

Multiprocessor (two)
system
Backward compatible
24 bits (16 MB)
address space
Virtual Memory
31 bit addressing
from S/370 XA (1983)
Dataspaces &
Hiperspaces from
ESA/370
The System z world
Mainframes are not Dead!

I predict that the last mainframe will be unplugged on March 15, 1996
Stewart Alsop, former InfoWorld columnist (now at Fortune Magazine), March, 1991
Annual growth in MIPS of over 30%

since 1992
More than $20B in mainframe revenue

since 1996 (when the last one was to
have been unplugged)
But there have been many changes in

the mainframe since 1991!
Today the mainframe runs Unix and

Linux workload in co-operation with z/OS
and VM.
The System z world
S/390 & OS/390, ESA/390 & MVS/ESA (1990s)

24 & 31 bit addressing
2 GB address spaces
Bipolar to CMOS migration
LPARs, Parallel Sysplex
10
The System z world
System z & z/OS (2000s)

24, 31 bit & 64 bit
Up to 54 CPUs, 60
LPARs, 32 systems
in a Sysplex.
64 bit registers.
GPRs, FPRs, FPCR,
ARs and CRs.
512 GB main memory
(4 TB soon)
16 Exabyte address
spaces
Virtualization,
WLM/IRD
Is that a Fridge?? No, System z.

11
The System z world
Evolution of System z
HW
S/360
1964
1970
MVT, PCP
MFT
CMOS
S/370XA 31 bits
S/370
MVS - VTAM
ESA/390
1980
1990
MVS/XA
MVS/ESA
OS/390
Parallel Sysplex
z/Architecture 64 bits
2000
USS -
2004
z/OS
TCP/IP
SW
Linux
CICS
VM
DB2
WebSphere
z/VM
12
The System z world
System z Facts
100% of the 10 world largest banks run their core
applications on System z
100% of Fortune 100 run mission critical applications
on a System z
95% of Fortune 1000 companies use IMS on System
z
60% of all data in the world reside on System z

Application compatibility from 1964 till date
No security incident, virus or worm for 42 years
13
The System z world
Typical mainframe workloads
14
The System z world
Typical batch use

Residence
CREDIT CARD
1234 5678 9012

VALID FROM
Branch offices
Main
office
Account balances
bills, etc
GOOD THRU
XX/XX/XX
XX/XX/XX
PAUL FISCHER
FISCHER
PAUL
5
Processing
reports 7
Reports
Statistics,
4 summaries,
exceptions
Partners
and clients
exchange
information
Mainframe
Processing batch jobs
Reports
2
1
Reports
Backup
s 3
Data
update
Tape Storage
10
Sequential
data sets
Disk Storage
Production
Control
15
The System z world
System
Operator
databases
Typical online use

ATMs
Account
activities
Network
(e.g. TCP/IP or SNA)
4
Requests
Branch
offices
Branch office
automation
systems
Mainframe
Accesses
database
3
Office
automation
systems
queries
and
updates
Central office
Business analysts
Inventory control
Disk
storage
controller
Stores
database
files
16
The System z world
Myths About Mainframes

1.
Mainframes are
expensive to buy
and operate
5.
Mainframes are
inflexible & unable
to change quickly
2.
There is nothing
new in the world
of mainframes
5 Myths
4.
Inability to
find talent as those
with mainframe
skills retire
17
The System z world
3.
ISV enthusiasm
for mainframe
applications is
dwindling
Why System z?
EXTREMELY reliable (MTBF of 50+ Years)
Because of the ITIES (sounds like Cities without the C)
RAS (RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, SERVICEABILITY),
RECOVERABILITY
INTEGRITY System Integrity and Data Integrity

SCALABILITY both Vertical and Horizontal Scalability
MANAGEABILITY
QOS Qualities of Service
Designed and built in over 40 years.
Cant Beat its RAS!
18
The System z world
Why System z?
Capacity & performance
Commercial workloads are data-intensive, not processor-intensive
Distributed systems are data poor
Much processing is done outboard from the actual CPU (e.g. RISC in I/O subsystem)
Superior multitasking
Mixed workloads on mainframe, single applications on distributed
100% CPU utilization on mainframes is normal, but fatal on distributed systems
Personnel costs
Per-user support costs less on mainframe than other platforms
Security
Scalability
Up to 32 54-way systems with Parallel Sysplex

Availability (5 Nines)
19
The System z world
Service Level Agreement

A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is an agreement
between a service provider and a recipient, generally
the server owner and a business unit.
SLAs are the baseline for capacity, availability and

performance measurements and ratings.
Example:
95% of ATM transactions are completed in less
than one second.
90% of daily reports are completed by 6 A.M.
20
The System z world
System z enables Service Level Agreements

Policy Driven Real-Time Prioritization
Points of Sale and Pharmacy Transactions
get fast track as a matter of policy
High Priority
Transactions
OLAP analysis for buying patterns
Medium Priority
Analysis
Recurring reporting, uses leftover cycles
Low Priority
Batch
Result (Enterprise Averages)

zStack > 85%
UNIX ~ 10-20%
WINTEL ~ 5%
21
The System z world
System z is optimized for many types of processing

There's more to performance than just processing power
CPU Busy
CPU Time
Memory Time
I/O Time
zSeries
CPU Busy
CPU
Time
Memory Time
I/O Time
Others
Data intensive workloads like large databases, transaction processing, object

oriented code, and virtualization and context switching potentially run better
on System z servers
22
The System z world
System z - Hardware scalability

System I/O Bandwidth
172.8
GB/sec
Balanced System
CPU, nWay,
Memory,
I/O Bandwidth*
96 GB/sec
24 GB/sec
GBs
512 GB
256 GB
64 GB
288.15
450
~ 600
ITRs for
1-way
16-way
32-way
54-way
CP
Us
*z9-109 exploits a subset of its designed I/O capability

ITR = Internal Throughput Rate
ITR =
23
System z9 109*
zSeries 990
zSeries 900
Generation 6
Generation 5
Unit of Work
Processor busy time
The System z world
Capacity On Demand (CoD)

CoD encompasses the various capabilities for you o
dynamically activate one or more resources in your
server as your business peaks dictate.
Different CoD options:

Capacity Upgrade on Demand (CUoD)
Customer Initiated Upgrade (CIU)
On/Off Capacity on Demand
24
The System z world
Security
IBM System Z partitioning achieves highest certification
System Z servers achieve
Common Criteria Security
Certification - Evaluation
Assurance Level 5.
ATTENTION: Only the IBM

mainframe partitions have
attained an EAL5 rating.
U. S. Government had rated the

mainframe EAL5.
25
The System z world
z/OS System Security Mechanisms

Supervisor Call
Routine (SVC)
Code to perform system level functions.
Problem State
Most modules run in this state.
Supervisor State
Only operating system modules run in this state.
Authorized
Program Facility
(AFP)
Limits the use of sensitive SVCs to authorized

programs.
Storage
Protection Keys
Keys 0-7 are system keys and can only be obtained

by programs in supervisor state. Keys 8-15 are
user keys.
Authorized
Program
Any program that runs, in supervisor state, with

APF authorization, with a storage key in 0-7.
26
The System z world
Ensures that all modules fetched by authorized

programs only come from authorized libraries.
How Important is High Availability?

Fractional Improvements Make a Difference
Example: Financial Services Company
$300B assets, 2500+ branches, 15M
customers
Industry segment
Cost
Energy
$2,818K
Telecommunications
$2,066K
CRM System branches, financial

advisors, call centers, internet
Manufacturing
$1,611K
Number of users 20,000+
Financial
$1,495K
$1,345K
Retail banking, loans, mortgages, wealth

management, credit cards
27
Financial Impact of Downtime Per Hour
Unix/
zSeries/
Information
Technology
Oracle
DB2
Insurance
$1,202K
Availability %
99.825%
99.975%
Retail
$1,107K
Annual outage
15h 20m
2h 11m
Pharmaceuticals
$1,082K
Cost of
Downtime
$45.2M
$3.6M
The System z world
Banking
$997K
Consumer Products
$786K
Chemicals
$704K
Transportation
$669K
Cost of outages..
28
The System z world
Inhibitors to availability
Number of 9s or the Myth of the nines

Class of 9s
Outage
99.999 % 5 min / year

99.99 % 53 min / year
99,9 % 8.8 hrs / year
99 % 88 hrs / year
90 % 876 hrs (36.5
days) / year
29
The System z world
Example
Continous
Availability
z/OS Parallel
Sysplex
Fault Tolerant
S/390 Parallel
Sysplex
High
Availability
Single IBM
System z CPC
General
Purpose
High available
UNIX Cluster
Campus LAN
Evolution of RAS for IBM System z high end

Systems
z900
Microcode Driver Updates
6 Hr Scheduled outage 6 Hr Scheduled outage
Book Replacement**
Not Applicable
Scheduled Outage
Memory Replacement
Scheduled Outage
Scheduled Outage
Unscheduled Outage
Unscheduled Outage
ECC on Memory Control

Circuitry (EX: SMI)
Memory Bus Adapter
(MBA) Replacement
STI Failure
z9 EC
Concurrent*
Concurrent
Concurrent
(Book Offline)
Transparent
Scheduled Outage. Lose Scheduled Outage. Lose

Concurrent.
connectivity to I/O
connectivity to I/O
Connectivity to I/O
Domain
Domain
Domain remains
As for MBA
As for MBA
As for MBA
Oscillator Failure
Unscheduled Outage
Unscheduled Outage
Transparent
Processor Upgrades
Physical Memory
Upgrades
Concurrent
Concurrent
Concurrent
Scheduled Outage
Scheduled Outage
I/O Upgrades
Concurrent
Concurrent
Concurrent
(Book Offline)
Concurrent
Spare PUs
1 System
2 / Book
2 / System
*In select circumstances

30
z990
The System z world
**Customer pre-planning required, may require acquisition of additional hardware resources
System z Availability & Disaster Recovery
Built In Redundancy
Capacity Upgrade on
Demand
Capacity Backup
Hot Pluggable I/O
31
The System z world
Addresses Planned/Unplanned
Hardware and Software Outages
Addresses Site
Failure/Maintenance
Flexible, Nondisruptive Growth

Capacity beyond largest CEC
Scales better than SMPs
Sync/Async Data Mirroring

Eliminates Tape/Disk SPOF
No/Some Data Loss
Dynamic Workload/Resource
Management
Application Independent
Specialty Engines - zAAPs, zIIPs, IFLs and ICF

z Application Assist Processor (zAAP)
For Java work loads
z Integrated Information Processor (zIIP)
For DB workloads (Long running, parallel queries, ODBC,
JDBC)
Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL)
For zLinux
Internal Coupling Facility
For coupling the PLEXes.
32
The System z world
Breaking the Myths..

1.
Mainframes are
expensive to buy
and operate
5.
Mainframes are
inflexible & unable
to change quickly
2.
There is nothing
new in the world
of mainframes
5 Myths
4.
Inability to
find talent as those
with mainframe
skills retire
33
The System z world
3.
ISV enthusiasm
for mainframe
applications is
dwindling
Myth 1 Mainframes are expensive to buy and operate
34
The System z world
Myth 2 There is nothing new in the world of mainframes
Price-to-Performance
Ratio
Perception of
Complexity and
Inflexibility
Lack of Innovation
Primary Inhibitors/
Concerns
Inability to Find
Talent
ISV Enthusiasm
IBM System z Workload Evolution
Core Business
Enterprise Applications
e-business Solutions
Core Business
Enterprise Applications
e-business Solutions
Business Continuity & Recovery
Linux
35
The System z world
Myth 3 ISV enthusiasm for mainframe applications is dwindling

Ratio
Perception of
Complexity and
Inflexibility
Lack of Innovation
Primary Inhibitors/
Concerns
Inability to Find
Talent
Priority System z Selected Business Solutions
BANKING
ISV Enthusiasm
INSURANCE
FIN MKTS
Front Office
Back Office
36
TCS/FNS
Fidelity
Temenos
FiServ
SAP
SAS
Epiphany
Unica
QCi
Kana
MicroStrategy
Business Objects
Ascentia
Evoke
DWL
MarketSoft
Chordiant
Reveleus
Acxiom
Experian
PeopleSoft
Siebel Analytics
The System z world
Risk &
Compliance
ACI
Carreker
IntraNet
ARGO
China Systems
Bottomline
S1
SWIFT
SAS
Mantas
Algorithmics
SAP
PeopleSoft
Core Insurance
DWL
Siebel
Epiphany
Chordiant
Callidus
CSC
PureEdge
PeopleSoft
Doc Sciences
MapInfo
Pega
SAS
SAP
Adhesion
Finaplex
netDecide
Syncsoft
Tenemos
MicroStrategy
Cognos
Hyperion
Adobe
Cognos
Brio
Myth 4 Inability to find talent as those with mainframe skills retire|
Ratio
Perception of
Complexity and
Inflexibility
Lack of Innovation
Primary Inhibitors/
Concerns
Inability to Find
Talent
ISV Enthusiasm
Counterpoints
Competitor Messages
Resources with mainframe
skills are aging
Mainframe resources are
expensive
Mainframe skills are not being
taught to university students
Middleware-related skills, which are less dependent upon platform, are

most important for the banking industry
Integration and process management requirements within banking result in a
greater need for Java/C++ skills over COBOL
Automation and intelligent agents decrease the resources needed to support
mainframe systems
Salaries for mainframe skills are on-par with non-mainframe skills

If the demand for mainframe skills including COBOL was significantly greater
than for non-mainframe skills, the average salary would be significantly greater
"If this were actually a killer issue, you'd find the average Cobol programmer's
salary wouldn't be under $100,000, but would be $200,000 to $250,000. The
problem isn't quite as bad as it seems. There are thousands of new Cobol
programmers in India, China, and the Philippines. - Ian Archball, Micro Focus1
Salaries for mainframe-based skills are only slightly higher than AIX/Unix-based
skills 1% more for IT staff and 4% more for all IT positions2
IBM is supporting the teaching of these skills

IBM has set a goal of training 20,000 workers for 2010; this is supported by over
200 colleges and universities
IBM is teaming with service providers like TCS
1Source:
2Source:
37
Mainframe Programmers Wanted, InformationWeek, September 2005

Enterprise Systems (www.esj.com), 2005 Salary Survey, August 2005
The System z world
Myth 5 Mainframes are inflexible and unable to change quickly
Ratio
Perception of
Complexity and
Inflexibility
Lack of Innovation
Primary Inhibitors/
Concerns
Inability to Find
Talent
Competitor Messages
ISV Enthusiasm
Counterpoints
Mainframes provide flexibility through partitioning and workload
management
Mainframes are in-flexible and

unable to respond quickly to
change
The mainframe is designed to maximize its capabilities in a multi-workload

environment because a major part of the system is dedicated to managing mixed
workloads as opposed to pure processor performance
Mainframes also enjoy the same flexibility benefits of distributed server

environments
UNIX APIs, J2EE, grid standards and Linux can now be run on mainframes
Adding permanent processor capacity and storage to a mainframe can

occur quickly and on demand without interruptions
This can typically be done without increasing staff levels
On demand options are available to help with utilization spikes
A distributed server based infrastructure requires adding servers in order to
scale or handle spikes in utilization
Distributed server infrastructures also require a linear increase in support staff to
manage the new servers
IBM has provided a robust, flexible SOA environment on the mainframe

IBM has added the capability that allows existing business logic contained within
core systems to be exposed as Web services as part of a SOA allowing banks to
run new workloads alongside existing applications
38
The System z world
Roles in the mainframe world

Roles
Application
Developer
Production Control Analyst
Operator
End User
System Programmer
39
The System z world
System Administrator
References
www.redbooks.ibm.com
www.ibm.com/ibm/history
www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.html
ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volumes 1 11
z/Architecture Principles of Operation (POP)
Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics
40
The System z world
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IBM India Software Labs

The System z world

2008 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

Roles in Mainframe World

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Software Labs

History & Evolution of System z (Mainframes)

2008 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

Mark I - Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, 1944

51 feet x 8 feet. 5 tonnes

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

IBM 701 (1953)

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

IBM 7090 (1959)

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

S/360 (Big Iron) & OS/360 (1960s)

8 bit bytes, Byte addressable

In 1969, Apollo 11s moon landing

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

S/370 & OS/370 (1970s)

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

Mainframes are not Dead!

Annual growth in MIPS of over 30%

More than $20B in mainframe revenue

But there have been many changes in

Today the mainframe runs Unix and

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

S/390 & OS/390, ESA/390 & MVS/ESA (1990s)

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

System z & z/OS (2000s)

Is that a Fridge?? No, System z.

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

60% of all data in the world reside on System z

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

Typical mainframe workloads

The System z world

2007 IBM Corporation

IBM India Systems and Technology Lab

Typical batch use