Metamorfisme dan

batuan metamorfik

HOW
WHERE

CONTACT
METAMORFISME

JENIS
REGIONAL/
DYNAMIC

PREEXISTING
ROCKS

T, P, CHEMICAL
FLUIDS

BATUAN
METAMORFIK

HOW
WHERE

JENIS BATUAN
& CIRI KEJURUTERAAN

LINEATION
TEXTURE
FOLIATION

CHANGES
MINERALOGY

NONFOLIATED

Metamorphism means
"changed form (berubah
bentuk)

Kitar batuan (Rock cycle)

CYCLE

Batuan Metamorfik terjadi

hasil drpd perubahan suhu,
tekanan dan bendalir kimia

Agents of Metamorphism
Changes occur because of:
Heat
Pressure
Chemical fluids

Perubahan suhu:
Geothermal gradient
Temperature increases with depth at
a rate of 20 - 30 degrees C per km in
the crust.
Ultimate source of the heat?
Radioactive decay. Increase of
temperature and pressure with depth
causes Regional Metamorphism
(Metamorfisme Rantau)
Heat may come from large bodies of
molten rock rising under a wide
geographic area.

Metamorfisme sentuh
Intrusions of hot magma can
bake rocks as it intrudes them.
Lava flows can also bake rocks
on the ground surface. Lava or
magma in contact with other
rock causes Contact
Metamorphism.
Hornfels is a common contact
metamorphic rock.

CONTACT

Contact metamorphism

Contact
metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
along a narrow (approx. 1
meter wide) diabase dike in
the Deep River Basin of
North Carolina. Diabase
weathers tan. Contact
metamorphic aureole rocks
(hornfels) are gray. Host
rocks are red siltstones

Metamorfisme Rantau
Pressure
Burial Pressure. Pressure increases with
depth due to the weight of the overlying
rocks. A cubic foot of granite weighs 167.9
pounds. Increase of pressure and
temperature with depth causes Regional
Metamorphism. Regional metamorphism
occurs at depths of 5 - 40 km.
Tectonic pressures associated with
convergent plate boundaries and
continental collision also cause Regional
Metamorphism.
Pressure along fault zones causes Dynamic
Metamorphism, the crushing and ductile
flow of rock. Rocks formed along fault
zones are called mylonites

REGIONAL

Continental collision

SUBDUCTION

3 Chemical Fluids
In some metamorphic settings, new
materials are introduced by the action of
hydrothermal solutions (hot water with
dissolved ions). Many metallic ore deposits
form in this way.
Hydrothermal solutions associated with
magma bodies
Black smokers - Sea water percolates
through newly formed oceanic crust,
dissolving out metallic sulfide minerals. The
hot sea water rises along fractures and
pours from vents in the seafloor as black
clouds of dark mineral-rich water. Sulfide
minerals (such as pyrite, sphalerite, and
galena) and copper precipitate when the hot
water comes in contact with cold sea water

HYDROTHERMAL

How do rocks change?

Metamorphism causes changes in:
1
Texture (definition: shape, size
and orientation of
mineral
grains in the rocks)
2
Mineralogy (chemical
composition)

STRESS

FOLIATION

FOLIATION

STRESS

FOLIATED

Foliasi

Texture
The processes of compaction and
recrystallization change the
texture of rocks (shape, size and
orientation) during
metamorphism.
Compaction
The grains move closer
together.
The rock becomes more
dense.
Porosity is reduced. Note:
this is engineering parameter

Example: clay to shale to

slate

Recrystallization
Growth of new crystals. No changes
in overall chemistry. New crystals
grow from the minerals already
present. A preferred orientation of
minerals commonly develops under
applied pressure. Platy or sheet-like
minerals such as muscovite and
biotite become oriented
perpendicular to the direction of
force. This preferred orientation is
called foliation.

Metamorphic
Textures
Foliation is a broad term referring to the
alignment of sheet-like minerals. Types of
foliation:
Schistosity - alignment of large mica flakes, as
in a mica schist derived from the
metamorphism of shale.
Slaty cleavage - alignment of very fine-grained
micas, as in a slate derived from the
metamorphism of shale.
Phyllitic structure - alignment of fine-grained
micas, as in a phyllite.
Gneissic banding - segregation of light and dark
minerals into distinct layers in the rock, as in a
gneiss

Lineation
refers to the alignment of
elongated, rod-like minerals
such as amphibole, pyroxene,
tourmaline, kyanite, etc.
Lineation is a texture commonly
seen in the metamorphic rock
amphibolite derived from the
metamorphism of basalt

Non-foliated or granular
metamorphic rocks
are those which are composed
of equidimensional grains such
as quartz or calcite. There is no
preferred orientation. The
grains form a mosaic.
Examples: quartzite derived
from the metamorphism of
quartz sandstone, and marble
derived from the metamorphism
of limestone or dolostone.

 Note: Not all quartzites and

marbles are pure. Some contain
impurities that were originally
mud interlayered with or mixed
with the original quartz sand or
lime mud. These clay impurities
metamorphose to layers of
micas or other minerals, which
may give marble (in particular) a
banded, gneissic appearance, or
which may give a slight foliation
to some quartzites

Foliated metamorphic
rocks
As shale is subjected to
increasing grade of
metamorphism (increasing
temperatures and pressures), it
undergoes successive changes
in texture associated with an
increase in the size of the mica
grains

Slate
very fine grained rock.
Resembles shale. Has slaty
cleavage which may be at an
angle to the original bedding.
Relict bedding may be seen on
cleavage planes. Often dark gray
in color. "Rings" when you strike
it. (Unlike shale, which makes a
dull sound. Temperature about
200 degrees C; Depth of burial
about 10 km.

slate

Phyllite
fine-grained metamorphic rock.
Has a frosted sheen, resembling
frosted eye shadow. This is no
coincidence. Cosmetics
commonly contain ground up
muscovite (ground to a size
similar to that occurring
naturally in phyllite.)

phyllite

Schist

metamorphic rock containing abundant

obvious micas, several millimeters
across. Several types of schist may be
recognized, based on minerals which
may be present:
mica schist
garnet schist
chlorite schist
kyanite schist
talc schist

schist

Gneiss
(pronounced "nice") - a banded
or striped rock with alternating
layers of dark and light
minerals. The dark layers
commonly contain biotite, and
the light layers commonly
contain quartz and feldspar

gneiss

gneiss

Migmatite
a very high grade metamorphic
rock that has been subjected to
such high temperatures that it has
partially melted. It is intermediate
between the metamorphic and the
igneous rocks. Look for swirled
banding. The light colored
minerals have undergone melting
and flow. The dark colored
minerals have been contorted by
flow. Example - the Lithonia
Gneiss in the area southeast of
Atlanta

migmatite

non-foliated (and weakly foliated)

metamorphic rocks

Marble - fizzes in acid because

its dominant minerals is calcite
(or dolomite). The parent rock
is limestone (or dolostone).

Marmar (Marble)

Quartzite/kuarzit

interlocking grains of quartz.

Scratches glass. The rock
fractures through the grains
(rather than between the grains
as it does in sandstone). The
parent rock is quartz sandstone
Hardest rock known
UCS

quartzite

Others
Metagraywacke metamorphosed graywacke or
"dirty sandstone".
Metaconglomerate and
stretched pebble
metaconglomerate - the parent
rock is conglomerate. The clasts
are fairly easily recognized. May
be more difficult to recognize if
the clasts have been stretched

Hornfels
A fine-grained, tough, dense,
hard, massive rock. Usually (but
not always) dark in color. Finer
grained than basalt, which it
may superficially resemble. This
rock forms through contact
metamorphism. The parent rock
is commonly siltstone or basalt,
but may be other types of rock

Serpentinite
A dark green, dense, tough,
massive, hard rack. May contain
veins of asbestos. The parent
rock is peridotite, an ultramafic
rock
ultramafic: lack/low amount of
SiO2, Fe, Mg (bandingkan dgn
jadual pengelasan batuan
igneus)

serpentine

Soapstone
(sometimes called steatite) - a soft,
easily carved rock with a slippery
feel because it contains talc and
chlorite. The parent rock is
peridotite (ultramafic), probably
with more water associated with it
than in the formation of
serpentinite. Example - Soapstone
Ridge southeast of Atlanta

Metabasalt
(sometimes called greenstone if
massive and green, or
greenschist if foliated and
green) - the green color comes
from chlorite (soft and bluish
green) and epidote (pea green).
The parent rock is basalt. The
grade of metamorphism is LOW

Amphibolite
Abundant amphibole is present;
may be lineated. Usually black.
The parent rock is basalt. The
grade of metamorphism is
HIGH. Has been subjected to
higher temperatures and
pressures than metabasalt,
greenstone, or greenschist.

Mylonite
A dynamic metamorphic rock
which forms along fault zones

mylonite

Mylonite along the Linville Falls Fault, Linville Falls,

NC. Relatively undeformed conglomeratic quartzite
lies above the layered mylonite zone

Mineral changes in
metamorphic rocks
Recrystallization - rearrangement of
crystal structure of existing minerals.
Commonly many small crystals merge
to form larger crystals, such as the
clay in shale becoming micas in
slate, phyllite, and schist. Note the
chemical compositions of clay and
muscovite.
Also, fine-grained calcite in limestone
recrystallizes to the coarse-grained
calcite mosaic in marble

Formation of new minerals

there are a number of

metamorphic minerals which
form during metamorphism and
are found exclusively (or almost
exclusively) in metamorphic
rocks:
Garnet - dark red
dodecahedrons (12 sides)
Staurolite - brown lozengeshaped minerals, commonly
twinned to form "fairy crosses".
State mineral of Georgia

garnet

Kegunaan?

Kyanite
sky blue bladed minerals with
differential hardness. Scratch
lengthwise with a knife or nail,
but not sideways

kyanite

Chlorite - dark bluish green, soft. Fe, Mg

Talc - white or pale green and soft.
Graphite - metamorphosed carbon
Tourmaline - commonly black. Forms
elongated crystals with a rounded
triangular cross-section. Can see at
Stone Mountain.
Asbestos - fibrous mineral. Commonly
light greenish. Occurs in veins (seems
to fill a crack) with the fibers oriented
perpendicular to the edged of the vein.
Associated with lung diseases.
Mesothelioma and asbestosis. Found in
serpentinite. "Serpent rock" name due
to snake-like veins of asbestos.
Micas - muscovite (silvery), biotite (dark
brown), phlogopite (light brown)

Metamorphic index minerals

Batuan metamorfik boleh digunakan
sebagai tanda aras suhu dan tekanan
dalam bumi
In regional metamorphic terranes, the
temperature and pressure regime is
indicated by the distribution of
metamorphic minerals across a large area.
Low metamorphic grade (low temperatures
and pressures) - about 200 degrees C
Slate and phyllite
chlorite
muscovite
biotite

Intermediate metamorphic grade

Schist
garnet
staurolite

KOMPOSISI KIMIA?

High metamorphic grade - 800

degrees C (verging on melting)
Gneiss and migmatite
sillimanite
Know which minerals are the
metamorphic index minerals.
Know which ones are
characteristic of low,
intermediate, and high
metamorphic grades

FACIES GRADE

FACIES

pandangan
Jurutera bahan banyak
menggunakan bahan ini untuk
membuat bahan baru => bahan
termaju (advanced materials),
composite materials,
nanomaterials
Keadaan makmal cuba
disimulasikan seperti yang
ditemui di dalam bumi
sistem berbeza: open vs closed

REGIONAL

Mineral yg terdapat pada

zon metamorfik

foliation

Slate

schist

gneiss texture

Granular texture as in
quartzite

Rumus
Changes that occur in the
transformation to become
metamorphic rocks

ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES
1.
2.
3.
4.

POROSITY
KEKUATAN EKAPAKSI (UCS)
PERMEABILITY
ABRASIVENESS

HOW
WHERE

CONTACT
METAMORFISME

JENIS
REGIONAL/
DYNAMIC

PREEXISTING
ROCKS

T, P, CHEMICAL
FLUIDS

BATUAN
METAMORFIK

HOW
WHERE

JENIS BATUAN
& CIRI KEJURUTERAAN

LINEATION
TEXTURE
FOLIATION

CHANGES
MINERALOGY

NONFOLIATED

PHASE DIAGRAM FOR WATER

NEXT LECTURE

MASA GEOLOGI