Organic Farming

Getting backl to nature!

FiBL, Research Institute of

Organic Agriculture, Switzerland

Worldwide Certified organic farmland

22mh
in over
100 countries
2004

Worldwide
Certified
organic
farmland
22mh
in over
100
countries
2004

Develop right strategies for supporting

the driving forces

Farmer

Consumer
Market

Formal Definition of Organic Farming

Organic farming is an ecological production
management system that promotes and
enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and
soil biological activity. It is based on minimal
use of off-farm inputs and on management
practices that restore, maintain and enhance
ecological harmony. (National
OrganicStandards Board, 1998)

Organic farming is based on less inputs, better market demand due to

having environmental and social concerns.
It also based on local resources and technologies that provide farmer
better independence
and more control over their means of production.
Environmental impacts of organic farming are:

IMprovement of soil biological activity.

Improvement of physical characteristics of soil.
Reducing nitrate leaching.
Increasing and improving wild life habitant.

Insect-controlling Plants.
Plants of pest control should posses the following characteristics:
Be effective at the rate of max 3-5% plant material based on dry weight.
Be easy to grow, require little space and time for cultivation and procurement.
Be perennial.
Recover quickly after the material is harvested.
Not to became weed or a host to plant pathogen or insect pest.
Possess complementary economic uses.
Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wild life, humans or environment.
Be easy to harvest.
Preparation should be simple, to too time consuming or requiring too high a
technical input.
Application should not be phytotoxic or decrease the quality of crop, e.g., taste or
texture.

Species

Plant parts with

insect controlling
properties

Mode of action

Target pest

Soursop
Custard apple
(Annona reticulata)

Seeds, leaves, unripe

fruit.

Contact and stomach

problem, ovicidal,
insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent and
antinematode.

Aphid, caterpillars, Green bug,

Mediterranean fruit fly.

Basil.
Sweet Basil (Ocimum
basilium), Holy Basil
(Ocimum Sanctum).

Leaves and stem.

Repellent, insecticidal,
fungitoxic and mollu
scicidol.

Fruit fly, leaf miners, red spider and

mites.

Chillies.

Fruit

Stomach position
insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent, fumigantviroid.

Ants, aphid, caterpillars and slugs.

Garlic.
Allium Sativum (Fam.
Lilaceqe).

Bulbs.

Insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedent, fungicidal,
nematocidal and
effective against ticks.

Aphids, house flies, mites, white fly,

bacteria, cucumber and scab.

Ginger.
Zingber officiale (Fam.
Zingiberacae).

Rhizome.

Repellent, insecticidal,
nematocidal and
fungicidal.

American bowl worms, aphid, thrips,

white fly, and mango anthracnose.

Neem.

Seeds and leaves.

Insecticidal, repellent,
antifeedant acaricidal,
growth inhibiting
nematocidal, fungicidal,
anti-viral. Neem
compounds act mainly
as stomach poison and
systemic.

American boll-worms, ants, deserts,

locust, leaf hoppers, leaf miners, mites,
scales, termites, thrips, white fly.

Papaya.
Carcia papaya.

Leaves, seed, unripe

and fruit.

Flower thrips and fruit

fly.

Mosaic virus and powdery mildew.

Tobacco.
Nicotana tabacum,
Nicotana Rustica,
Nicotana glutnosa, and
Fam. Solanaceae.

Leaves and stalk.

Insecticida, repellent,
fungicidal, acaricidal
contact, and stomach.

Aphids, caterpillars, leaf miners, mites

and thrips.

Tumeric.
Curcum domstica (Fam.
Zigiberaceoe).

Rhizome.

Repellent, insecticidal
and antifungal.

Aphids, caterpillars, mites and rice leaf

hoppers.

Textural Classes

Nutrients Forms Absorbed by Plants

Nutrients

Cations

Anions

Fertilizer Carriers

N (Most Mobile)

NH4+

NO3-

NH4NO3 CO(NH2)2

H 2PO4 -, H PO4 2+

NH4 HPO4, CaH2PO4

P (Mobile)
K (Mobile)

K+

KCL, KNO3, K2SO4

Ca (Relatively immobile)

Ca2+

CaCO3, Mg CO3

Mg (Mobile)

Mg2+

MgO, MgSO4 , 7H2

SO 2+

S (Relatively immobile)

Ca SO4.2H2O

Fe (Relatively immobile)

Fe2+

FeSO4 .9H2O

Cu (Relatively immobile)

Cu2+

CuSO4.5H2O

Zn (Low Mobility)

Zn2+

Zn SO4.H2O

Mn (Moderately mobile)

Mn2+

MnO, MnSO4 . 2H2O

Mo (relatively mobile)

MoO4

Na2MoO4.2H2O

B (Relatively immobile)

BO33+

B2O3

Cl (Mobile)

Cl

Na (Mobile)

Na

Silicon (Not reported)

S (OH)

Fertilizers analysis
Common name

Grade or Analysis (%)

N

P2O5

K2O

Sulphur

Urea

46

Ammonium sulphate

21

24

Calcium ammonium
Nitrate (CAN)

26

Single Superphosphate (SSP)

18

12

Triple superphosphate (TSP)

46

1.5

Diammonium phosphate (DAP)

18

46

Monoammonium
Phosphate (MAP)

11

52

Sulphate of potash (SOP)

50

18

Muriate of potash (MOP)

60

Nitrophosphate
(Nitrophos)

23

23

Complete NPKs

15

15

15

10

20

20

6.8

Nitrogenous fertilizers

Phosphatic fertilizers

Potassic fertilizers

Complex fertilizers

Acid

4
nitrogen, N
phosphorus, P

potassium, K

calcium, Ca
magnesium,
Mg
sulfur, S
iron, Fe
manganese,
Mn
boron, B

copper, Cu
zinc, Zn
molybdenum,
Mo

Neutral

4.5

5.5

6.5

Alkali

7.5

8.5

9.5

10

Managanes defeciency
Interveinal
chlorosis
young and
spur
leaves

Magnesium -- Apples

Deficiency
Interveinal
chlorosis to
necrosis
Oldest leaves
affected first
Drop of oldest
leaves
Enhanced
fruit ripening
and drop

Input to soil

Component

Loss from soil

The Sulfur Cycle

Atmospheric
sulfur

Atmospheric
deposition

Volatilization
Crop
harvest
Mineral
fertilizers

Animal
manures
and biosolids

Plant
residues
Runoff and
erosion

Elemental
sulfur
Absorbed or
mineral sulfur

Plant
uptake

Organic
sulfur

Reduced sulfur
Sulfate
Sulfur
(SO-4)

Leaching

Component

Input to soil

Loss from soil

The Potassium Cycle

Crop
harvest

Plant
residues

Animal
manures
and biosolids

Mineral
fertilizers

Runoff and
erosion
Plant
uptake

Exchangeable
potassium

Soil solution
potassium (K+)
Leaching

Mineral
potassium

Fixed
potassium

Component

Input to soil

Loss from soil

The Phosphorus Cycle

Crop
harvest

Animal
manures
and biosolids

Atmospheric
deposition

Mineral
fertilizers
Plant
residues

Organic phosphorus
Microbial
Plant residue
Humus

Leaching
(usually minor)

Plant
uptake

Soil solution
phosphorus
HPO4-2
H2PO4-1

Primary
minerals
(apatite)

Runoff and
erosion
Mineral
surfaces
(clays, Fe and
Al oxides,
carbonates)
Secondary
compounds
(CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP)

Component

The Nitrogen Cycle

Input to soil

Loss from soil

Atmospheric
nitrogen
Atmospheric
fixation
and deposition

Industrial fixation
(commercial fertilizers)

Crop
harvest

Animal
manures
and biosolids

Volatilization
Plant
residues
Runoff and
erosion

Biological
fixation by
legume plants

Plant
uptake

Denitrification
Organic
nitrogen
Ammonium
(NH+4)

Nitrate
(NO-3)
Leaching

Our purpose to produce compost is to develop ecologically sound solution to

utilise wastes, by cheapest methods and provide environmental friendly way to
produce valuable fertiliser for crop production.
Panhwar fruit farm is located 25-37'N and 68-36'E of Hyderabad, where we start
using our own compost on 100 acres (42 hectares) fruit orchards. We made
compost by putting following things together. There are:
1 cubic meter = 35.2 cubic feet - sawdust.
=

1 kg.

Triple phosphate

1 kg.

Potassium sulphate

1 kg.

CuSO4

200 grams.

ZnSO4

250 grams.

FeSO4

250 grams.

MnSO4

150 grams.

Boron

150 grams.

Urea

 Beneficial Insects can play an

important role
Lacewing larvae on sunflower
head
Ladybird beetle
adult