300-350 bones at birth

206 bones, as well as a network of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connects
them

Variation in the skeletons of adult

males and females
To accommodate childbirth
Female pelvis is flatter, more rounded
and proportionally larger ; 100
degrees or more of angle
Male pelvis is about 90 degrees or
less of angle

Layers of a typical bone

Outer layer: dense and tough
Spongy bone: lighter and slightly
flexible
Bone marrow: jelly-like; where new
cells are constantly being produced for
blood

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

-with a total of 80 bones

-consists of the vertebral column, rib
cage and skull
-transmits the weight from the head,
the trunk and the upper extremities
down to the lower extremities at the
hip joints
-help humans maintain our upright
posture

-has a total of 126 bones

-formed by the pectoral girdles,
upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower
limbs
-functions are to make walking,
running and other movement
possible and to protect the major
organs responsible for digestion,
excretion and reproduction

Support
The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains
its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the
pelvic structures. Without the rib cages, costal cartilage, and intercostal
muscles, the lungs would collapse.

Movement
The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of
movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of
movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal
muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones.
Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all
coordinated by the nervous system.

Protection
The skeleton protects many vital organs:
The skull protects the brain, the eyes, and the middle and inner ears.
The vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
The rib cage, spine, and sternum protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels.
The clavicle and scapula protect the shoulder.
The ilium and spine protect the digestive and urogenital systems and the hip.
The patella and the ulna protect the knee and the elbow respectively.
The carpals and tarsals protect the wrist and ankle respectively.

Blood cell production

The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis, the development of blood cells that
takes place in the bone marrow.

Storage
Bone matrix can store calcium and is involved in calcium metabolism,
and bone marrow can store iron in ferrotin and is involved in iron
metabolism. However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a
mixture of chondroitin sulfate and hydroxyapatite, the latter making
up 70% of a bone. Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8% of
calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, 18.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of
hydrogen.

Endocrine regulation
Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to
the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin
increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to
boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of
fat.

+
-i

-b

The skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14

facial bones.

The bones of the skull provide protection for

the brain and the organs of vision, taste,
hearing, equilibrium, and smell. The bones
also provide attachment for muscles that
move the head and control facial expressions
and chewing.

The spine is composed of 26 individual

bones, called vertebrae.
The function of the spine is to provide
protection of the spinal cord, allow
movement, support the body in its upright
position and to provide a base for the rib
attachment. The spinal cord also links the
brain to the body.

+
-o

-b

The radius bone is also sometimes known as the

radial bone. This is one of the two large bones
found in the forearm.

The main function of the radius bone is to

contribute to the movement of the wrist joint.
This bone is called radius because the bone acts
like a radius of a circle as it rotates around the
ulna bone and the area where the radius joins
with bones of the hand

The human leg consists of 8 bones, 4 per

leg. These are the thighbone, knee cap,
shinbone and calf bone.
The legs main function in the human is
for locomotion and support of the rest of
the body.

+
-n

-e

The bones of the pelvis serve as a

solid connection point for the joints
of the legs.

+
+m

-ut

The humerus serves as a connection

between the scapula and the elbow,
where it links to the two lower arm
bones.

+
-bl

-bana

The ulna is a long bone that is located in the forearm.

The ulna articulates with the humerus and radius to
create the elbow joint and the radius and some of the
carpals to form the wrist joint.
The functions of the ulna include supporting
movement of the extremities, creating insertion
points for muscles, producing blood cells in bone
marrow, and storing some minerals, such as calcium
and phosphorus.

+
-clm

Human ribs is a protective cage for vital organs

like heart and lungs. This protect organs from
external trauma. It also maintains their
position and prevents displacement.

Comparison between Human and Gorilla

Gorilla Skull

Human Skull

Diagram of a gorilla skull:

Diagram of a human skull:

Description of a gorilla skull:

Description of a human skull:

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

3.
4.
5.
6.

no forehead
large and distinctive brow ridge,
called the "supraorbital torus"
small braincase (for smaller brain than
in humans)
face projects forwards "projecting face",
i.e. it isprognathous
large canine teeth / prominent canine
teeth
large zygomatic arch (surface and
points of attachment for facial
muscles whose purpose is to operate
the jaw bones and perform chewing
actions)

4.

5.
6.
7.

high forehead
small brow ridge
larger braincase (than in gorillas - to
enclose larger human brain)
"flattened" rather than "projecting" face;
mouth sits behind rather than forward of
the tip of the nose but chin projects
forward of mouth.
teeth include small molars and
vertical incisors
smaller zygomatic arch than in gorillas
shallow lower jaw.

The main differences between human and gorilla

skeletons are:
Shape and proportions of the skull (see above)
Shape of vertebral column - S-shaped in humans vs.
bow-shaped in gorilla
Length and proportions of limbs
Human legs proportionally longer than gorilla
legs
Gorilla arms proportionally longer than
human arms
Size of hands and feet - larger in gorillas than in
humans
Human feet have all 5 toes aligned with each
other, gorilla feet have opposable large toe.
Human fingers are straight whereas gorillas'
are curved, humans have proportionally
longer thumbs than gorillas.
Size of rib cage - much large in gorillas than in
humans
Pelvic bone - different shape in humans vs. gorillas

The thick cell walls of the cell.

It is so thick it helps the plant stand upright. There is no skeletal system

Also
common isis scoliosis,
a side-to-side
curve
in the
Osteoporosis
a prevalent
disease of the
skeletal
back or particularly
spine, oftenamong
creating
"C" or
system,
thea pronounced
elderly, resulting
in "S"
the
shape
an x-ray of thebone
spine.
This
loss ofwhen
boneviewed
tissue. on
In osteoporosis,
loses
conditionbecomes
is typically
becomes
during
calcium,
thinner,
and evident
may disappear
adolescence.
completely.
.

Arthritis is a group of more than 100 inflammatory

Bone cancer is another disease of the skeletal system.
diseases that damage joints and their surrounding
It may originate in the bones or spread there from
structures. Arthritis can attack joints, joint capsules,
another part of the body. In the United States, bone
the surrounding tissue, or throughout the body. It
cancer accounts for only about 1 percent of cancer
usually affects the joints of the neck, shoulders,
cases.
hands, lower back, hips, or knees

Bursitis is a disorder that causes pain in the body's joints. It

most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints. It is
caused by an inflammation of the bursa, small fluid-filled bags
that act as lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over
bones.

Rickets, the result of insufficient amounts of vitamin D,

calcium and phosphorous, can result in poor bone
development in children.

Teeth are part of the skeletal system but are not counted as bones.

More than half of the bones in the human body are in the hands and feet.
Only 3% of all animals posses a backbone or spine.

One out of 20 people have an extra rib.

The largest bone in the body is the pelvic bone.
The human skull is composed of 30 different bones.
The smallest bone in the human body is the stirrup bone inside the ear. It is
smaller than a grain of rice.
Bones have life. Theyre made up of living cells that is why they can grow and
repair themselves.