Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Macaballug, R.N.
culture of bacteria
Relationships between microbes and disease
Anti-microbial drugs
Louis Pasteur
Appreciation of microbial causes of things
(such as disease)
Fermentation
Pasteurization-
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3. Vibrio cholerae
His methods (postulate)
Make an association between an organism
and a disease.
Isolate the microorganism in a pure
culture.
Use the pure culture to infect an
experimental animal and observe similar
disease.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mode of Transmission:
1. Sexual intercourse
The majority of HIV infections are acquired
through unprotected sexual relations where one
partner has HIV.
Worldwide, sexual contact between members
of the opposite sex, rather than between
members of the same sex, result in most cases
of transmission.
In the United States of America, as of 2009,
most sexual transmission occurred in men who
have sex with men with this population
accounting for 64% of all new cases.
2.
3.
Body fluids
The second most frequent mode of HIV
transmission is via blood and blood products. It
is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects to
transmit HIV.
Blood transfusions with infected blood result in
transmission of infection 93% of the time.
Mother-to-child
HIV can be transmitted from mother to child
during pregnancy, during delivery, and after
delivery via breastfeeding.
It is the third most common way HIV is
transmitted globally.
4.
Disease staging:
The United States Center for Disease Control and
Prevention updated their classification system for
HIV/AIDS in 2008. In this system HIV infections
are classified based on CD4 count and clinical
symptoms.
Prevention:
1. Sexual contact
Consistent use of condom reduces the risk of HIV
transmission by approximately 80% over the long
term
Circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa reduces the
risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men by 38
percent and 66 percent over two years
Comprehensive sexual education provided at
school may decrease high risk behavior. A
substantial minority of young people continue to
engage in high-risk practices despite HIV/AIDS
knowledge, underestimating their own risk of
becoming infected with HIV.
Pre-exposure:
Early treatment of HIV-infected people with
antiretrovirals protected 96% of partners from
infection.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis with a daily dose of the
medications tenofovir with or without
emtricitabine is effective in a number of groups
including: men who have sex with men, couples
where one is HIV positive, and young
heterosexuals in Africa.
Universal precaution within the health care
environment are believed to be effective in
decreasing the risk of HIV.
Post exposure:
Mother-to-Child:
Programs to prevent the transmission of HIV
from mothers to children can reduce rates of
transmission by 9299%.
This primarily involves the use of a combination
of antivirals during pregnancy and after birth in
the infant but also potentially include bottle
feeding rather than breastfeeding.
If exclusive breast feeding is carried out the
provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to
the infant decreases the risk of transmission.
Vaccination:
As of 2012 there is no effective vaccine for
HIV/AIDS.
Management:
There is no cure or effective HIV vaccine.
Treatment consist of high active retroviral therapy
(HAART) which slows progression of the disease
and as of 2010 more than 6.6 million people were
taking them in low and middle income countries.
Treatment also includes preventive and active
treatment of opportunistic infections.
Risk factors:
HIV
Overcrowding and malnutrition
Inject illicit drugs
Medically underprivileged and resource poor
communities
Children in close contact with high-risk category
patients
Health care providers serving these patients
Cigarette smokers
Alcoholism
Diabetes mellitus
Transmission:
Sneeze
Speak
Sing or spit
A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets
Airborne
Diagnosis:
(+) constitutional symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks
Chest x-ray
Sputum AFB x 3 takes
Sputum Gram Staining and Culture Sensitivity test (GSCS)
Mantoux tubercullin skin test or Purified Protein
Derivatives test (PPD)
Prevention:
Vaccines (BCG)
Public Health
WHO declared TB a global health
emergency
Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis
Aims to save 14 million lives between its launch
and 2015
A number targets they have set are not likely to
be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase
in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the
emergence of Multiple Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
Treatment:
H- INH (Isoniazid)
R- Rifampicin
Z- Pyrazinamide
E- Ethambutol
S- Streptomycin
PTB Category
New- a patient who has never had treatment for TB or
who has taken anti-tuberculosis drugs for less than 1
month (Category I)
Relapse- a patient previously treated for TB who has
been declared cured or treatment completed, and is
diagnosed with bacteriologically positive (smear or
culture) (Category II)
Treatment after failure- a patient who is started on a retreatment regimen after having failed previous treatment.
Treatment after default- a patient who returns to
treatment, positive bacteriologically, following
interruption of treatment for 2 months or more.
Transfer in- a patient who has been transferred from
another TB register to continue treatment.
Other- all cases that do not fit the above definitions.
This group includes chronic case, a patient who is
sputum positive at the end of re-treatment regimen.
Note: Smear-negative pulmonary and extrapulmonary
cases may also be relapses, failures, returns after default
or chronic cases. This should, however, be a rare event,
supported by pathological or bacteriological evidence
(culture).
2 HRZE
(Isoniazid+Rifampicin+Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol)
4 HR (Isoniazid+Rifampicin)
Category II
2 HRZES
(Isoniazid+Rifampicin+Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol+Strept
omycin)
1 HRZE
5 HRE
Category IV
Specially designed standardized or individualized regimens
Health Teachings:
Always wear face mask for the first month of
treatment.
Intake of medicine must be at the same time of
the day for the whole duration of treatment.
Eat high protein foods.
Weight gain is normal but should be monitored
for dosage of medicine.
Avoid sneezing and coughing in public places.
Body weakness is normal during the first month of
treatment.
Etiologic agent:
Bacteria are the most common cause of
community acquired pneumonia, with
Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50%
of cases.
Other commonly isolated bacteria include:
Haemophilus influenzae in 20%, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae in 13%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae in
3%,
Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis,
Legionella pneumophila and gram-negative bacilli.
Diagnosis:
Chest x-ray
Chest CT-scan
Sputum culture
Complete blood count
Serum electrolytes
Crackles upon auscultation
Prevention:
Vaccination
is effective for preventing certain bacterial and
viral pneumonias in both children and adults.
Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae
and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good
evidence to support their use.
A vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae is
also available for adults, and has been found to
decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal
disease.
Influenza vaccines are modestly effective against
influenza A and B.
Hepatitis B
Transmission:
Possible forms of transmission include sexual
contact, blood transfusions, re-use of
contaminated needles and syringes, and vertical
transmission from mother to child during
childbirth.
Without intervention, a mother is positive for
HBsAg confers a 20% risk of passing the infection
to her offspring at the time of birth.
Diagnosis:
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is most
frequently used to screen for the presence of this
infection.
Prevention:
Several vaccines have been developed for the
prevention of hepatitis B virus infection.
These rely on the use of one of the viral envelope
proteins (hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg).
The vaccine was originally prepared from plasma
obtained from people who had long-standing
hepatitis B virus infection.
One cannot be infected with hepatitis B from this
vaccine.
Prognosis:
Hepatitis B virus infection may be either acute (selflimiting) or chronic (long-standing). Persons with selflimiting infection clear the infection spontaneously
within weeks to months.
Children are less likely than adults to clear the
infection.
More than 95% of people who become infected as
adults or older children will stage a full recovery and
develop protective immunity to the virus.
However, this drops to 30% for younger children, and
only 5% of newborns that acquire the infection from
their mother at birth will clear the infection.
Diagnosis:
Medical management:
Trichomonas vaginalis
Diagnosis:
Vaginal swab
Treponema pallidum
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
Treatment:
Benzathine penicillin G 1.5 grams IM in a single
dose injection
Or Doxycycline P.O. for 14 days
Syphillis of indeterminate length or more than 1
years duration: Benzathine penicillin G 1.5 grams
IM weekly for 3 weeks or Doxycycline P.O. for
28 days.
Causative agent:
HSV-1 and HSV-2
Incubation period:
2-10 days
Common signs and symptoms:
Painful bumps or sores that crust over and heal in
days
Itching, burning pain in legs, buttocks or genital
area
Vaginal discharge
Pressure in abdomen
Complications:
Recurrent sores
Complications during pregnancy or to the newborn
Death of an infant if there are active lesions during
childbirth
Treatment:
No cure, antiviral drugs can reduce severity and
duration of outbreaks, and can delay recurrences.
Acyclovir P.O. or Famcyclovir P.O. for 7-10 days or
until symptoms resolve
Causative agent:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Signs and symptoms:
In females: asymptomatic but can include
dysuria, mucopurulent vaginal or cervical
discharge, vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain
In males: sometimes asymptomatic but can
include dysuria, white or clear urethral discharge,
testicular pain (epididymitis)
Diagnostic test:
Treatment:
Complications:
Causative agent:
Condyloma acuminatum
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Treatment:
Symptomatic management
Provide adequate fluids
Avoid dark colored foods
Avoid intake of thrombolytic meds (Ibuprofen,
Aspirin)
Blood transfusion
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chikungunya (CHIKV)
Etiologic agent: Chikungunya virus
Mode of Transmission: Vector type
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes
Signs and symptoms:
Fever
Petechiae or maculopapular rash of the trunk
Arthralgia
Headache
Conjuctivitis
Slight photophobia
Partial loss of taste
III.
Malaria
Etiologic agent: Plasmodium falciparum,
Leptospirosis
Leptospira.
The End