Working on Internet

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Chapter Objectives

Describe Router
Explain Network Address Translation (NAT)
Explain Proxy Servers
Configure TCP/IP
Configure Internet Explorer
Configure MS Outlook and Outlook Express
Configuring DHCP,DNS, Host Names, FQDN,
NETBIOS
Troubleshoot DHCP and DNS

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Recall

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet

standard protocol that is used for transferring email from
one computer to another
File Transfer Protocol is used over the Internet to
exchange files
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is an application
layer Internet standard protocol used to retrieve email
from a remote server to a local client over a TCP/IP
connection

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Router

An Internetworking device used to link two different

networks
Used to connect at least two networks and works at
the Network layer
Forwards data packets across a network through a
process called routing
Two types:

Static router - Needs to be configured manually

Dynamic routers - Does not require manual
configuration

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Use of Router

Can be installed as an Internet gateway

Router is used to connect two networks for example
WAN and LAN
Firewall are also provided by the router
Wireless networking is supported by few routers,
which includes features like support for plug-n-play
devices

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

Method in which a systems IP address is changed

into a different IP address before its sent out to an
external network (Internet)
Enables the private network (Intranet) to use
addresses that differs from the actual IP address on
the Internet
Allows address hiding, thus it acts as a firewall
Web servers cannot be used as NAT clients
Provides a strong protection against unauthorized
users

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NAT Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

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Hides internal structure

of the network and
increases network
security
Allows unlimited class
C network address
Helps in maintaining
same internal networks
IP address when a
computer is attached to
the Internet

Disadvantages:

Changes IP addresses,
thus troubleshooting
becomes more complex
Blocks incoming
connections

Static NAT

A private (internal network) IP address is converted

to a public IP address, which is always static (always
remains same
An internal network IP address is mapped to a
registered IP address on one-to-one basis

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Dynamic NAT

An unregistered IP address is represented to a

registered IP address from a set of registered IP
addresses
A computer with IP address 25.0.18.25 will translate to
first available IP into a particular range for example
from 28.35.15.100 to 28.35.15.125

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Working of NAT

When packets of information are received from the

outside network, NAT enabled router checks
destination address and destination port on the
packet
Router checks whether packet belongs to that
network in translation table
Packet is rejected if it does not find any match in the
translation table
Else router changes destination address to the one
saved in address translation table and sends it to
that computer
Computer receives the packet from the router

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10

Proxy Server

A computer that allows

network users to make an
indirect network connection to
different network services
Used to configure Internet
connection setting
Enhances the security for the
user accessing the Internet
and speeds up the Internet
access by storing Web pages
on the server

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Types of Proxy Servers

Transparent Proxies

Also known as forced proxy involves a combination of

proxy server with NAT

Reverse Proxies
A reverse proxy server handles the request on
behalf of the main Web Server
Anonymous Proxy server
Secure the users personal information by hiding
the IP address

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12

NAT Vs. Proxy Server

Proxy server provides better performance through

caching, for example caching of regular visited
websites by the user
NAT is simple to configure, it doesnt require
additional software application
A proxy server is not transparent
NAT is transparent to the source and destination
computers

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13

TCP/IP Configuration

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is

derived from two of the fundamental protocols, TCP
and IP
Is a collection of networking protocols widely used
on the Internet
TCP/IP is default Wide Area Network protocol
TCP/IP allows communication across various
interconnected networks

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14

Basic TCP/IP Configuration

Parameters - I

Host name

Made up of letters, hyphen and numbers, begins with a

letter
Not longer than sixty three characters

DHCP Client

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DHCP is a TCP/IP service protocol

Offers dynamic leased configuration of host IP
addresses

15

Basic TCP/IP Configuration

Parameters - II

IP address

Made of 32-bit binary number

Displays as four octets expressed in decimal and
separated by periods

Domain name

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A Domain is not a single computer, but a holding

space into which a computer names can be added
A Unique name for example www.xyx.com
Made up of letters, hyphen and numbers

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Basic TCP/IP Configuration

Parameters - III

Broadcast address

An IP address which enables information to be

broadcasted to all computers on a subnet rather than
only to a specific machine

Default router

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A default router is the default gateway used by the

device to access hosts on other networks
In a TCP/IP network, the nearest router to a particular
host is known as default router

17

Configuring Internet Explorer

Microsoft Internet Explorer is a web browser

Web browser enables to access the Internet
Internet Explorer is installed by default with the
Microsoft Windows operating system
Internet Explorer settings can be modified to
improve the Web page security and privacy

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Internet Explorer Security - I

Internet Explorer stores all the Websites into a single

zone
By default, all the Websites are stored in the Internet
zone
Internet
Explorer
Zones

Internet
Zone

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Local
Intranet
zone

Trusted
Sites zone

Restricted
Sites zone

19

Internet Explorer Security - II

Internet Zone

Local Intranet Zone

Includes all Websites that reside on the users local

network

Trusted Sites Zone

Consists of all Web sites that can be accessed by the

computer

Includes the Websites that are safe

Restricted Sites Zone

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Contains the Websites that are unsafe

20

Case Study
The Delhi branch of the MoneyMaker bank has
marketing department which searches for new
clients using different Web sites. The searches were
performed in multiple ways such as using the
search explorer bar, Web browser, search engine or
address bar.

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21

Problem

The default search action needs to be changed as

per the requirements.

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22

Solution

Change the default search actions.

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23

Configuring and Working with MS

Outlook and Outlook Express

Microsoft Outlook is a software application for

handling and organizing personal information
Microsoft Outlook is a stand-alone application that is
a part of Microsoft Office
Outlook Express is a part of Microsofts Windows
operating system
Outlook Express is an e-mail and news client

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MS Outlook

Offers e-mail service and comes under the category

of e-mail client
Allows users to change the e-mail settings as per
the user requirements
Compatible with other programs such as Microsoft
Word

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Outlook Express

E-mail account in Outlook Express provides only email and newsgroup functionality
Aimed at providing required services to home users
Exchange server and third party based accounts are
not supported in Outlook Express

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26

Configuring DHCP Client

Configure client computers to receive IP addresses

from the DHCP server
Any computer running a version of the Windows
operating system such as Windows 2000, Windows
XP and Windows NT can become a DHCP client
You can configure the client using the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box.

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Configuring DNS Client

DNS works at the application layer and uses

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) for transporting data over
the network
DNS is configured so that it can resolve other
computer names and IP addresses
You can configure the DNS client using the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box

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Host Names

Unique name by which a computer is known or

recognized on a network
On a local area network, a hostname is commonly a
single word
On the Internet, the host name is in the form
"comp.abc.com
Made up of lowercase letters and numbers

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29

FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name )

A complete DNS name, including the host name and

all of its domains (in order), is called a Fully
Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
Complete address of a site on the Internet
Consists of a host name and domain name,
including top-level domain name
No two machines should have same Fully Qualified
Domain Name

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Network Basic Input/Output System

(NETBIOS)

A program that permits applications on different PCs

to communicate within a Local Area Network
NetBIOS protocol is used when a user browses the
network neighbourhood for any data on the network
Does not support a routing mechanism

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Troubleshooting DHCP

You can troubleshoot DHCP using:

Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA)

Used by clients, which are unable to access the DHCP

server
A feature of Microsoft Windows Operating system
Always starts with 169.254.*.*

Releasing or Renewing IP address

IPCONFIG is available with the release and renew options

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Troubleshooting DNS

DNS problems occur when there is a problem with

the client system
You can troubleshoot DNS by:

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Removing DNS cache Use Ipconfig/flushdns

Name Server Lookup (Nslookup) - Allows querying
DNS servers and obtaining detailed response at the
command prompt

33

Applications of Internet - I

Internet is basically network of networks

WebPages are viewed in web browser (Internet
Explorer) through Internet
Applications:

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WWW (World Wide Web)

E-mail (Electronic Mail)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
TELNET (TErminaL NETwork)

34

Applications of Internet - II

WWW (World Wide Web)

Consists of WebPages
Contents of WebPages are links, text and graphics
through which a user can access information from
connected computer located at any part of the world

E-mail (Electronic Mail)

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E-mail is source of information through which

messages are sent and received via computer
networks
E-mail can be sent to any user with a valid e-mail id
35

Applications of Internet - III

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer information

from the host computer to the server or vice versa
Separation of commands and data transfer makes
FTP more efficient

TELNET (TErminaL NETwork)

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Standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal by ISO

General purpose client-server application program

36

Summary - I

Router is an Internetworking device used to link two

different networks
NAT is a method in which it translates systems IP
address to a public IP address before they pass
through larger network or Internet
Proxy server allows network users to make an
indirect network connection to different network
services
Internet Explorer (IE) is the most widely used web
browser

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37

Summary - II

MS Outlook is a part of Microsoft Office and acts as

a personal information manager
MS Outlook offers e-mail service and comes under
the category of e-mail client
Microsoft Outlook Express is an e-mail and news
client
IP address can be allocated to a PC on boot
process by a method called DHCP
DHCP offers dynamic leased configuration of host
IP addresses and allots other configuration
parameters to suitable network clients

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38

Summary - III

Individual computer names are called as host names in a

network. A computer is known on a network by a unique
name know as i.e. hostname
A complete DNS name, including the host name and all
of its domains (in order), is called a fully qualified domain
name (FQDN)
Network Basic Input/Output System is a program that
permits applications on different PCs to communicate
within a local area network
Internet also supports different format of information in
form of text, graphics, audio, and video files which are
displayed on the Web pages

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39