Small Wonders !

S.K.CHAKARVARTI
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Institution of National Importance)
KURUKSHETRA-136 119
skchakarvarti@gmail.com
 IQ ?
• Keep your IQ constant !

• IQ = IGNORANCE QUOTIENT
= WHAT YOU KNOW /
WHAT
YOU DONOT KNOW
 World’s Smallest Cat: 15.5 cm
(6.1-inch) high and 49 cm (19.2-
inch) long
World's Smallest Hamster: 2.5 cm
(0.9-inch) tall
World's Smallest Chameleon: 1.2
cm (0.5-inch) long
World’s Smallest Fish: 7.9 mm
(0.3-inch) long
World's Smallest Snake: 10.1 cm
(4-inch) long
World’s Smallest Dog: 12.4 cm
(4.9-inch) tall
World’s smallest girl. At 15, she
stands just 1ft 11½in tall !
WORLD’S SMALLEST FRIDGE

The microchip (each 25 by 15 micrometers ) sized

fridge can cool objects down to -459 degrees Fahrenheit.
 WORLD’S SMALLEST
BALANCE IN ACTION
WEIGHING 25fg PARTICLE
 Building Smaller Devices and
Chips
• Lay down “ink”
atom by atom

Mona Lisa, 8 microns tall, Transporting molecules to a

created by AFM nanolithography surface by dip-pen nanolithography
TATA’S “ NANO “!
IS TATA’S NANO REALLY
“NANO”?NO,NOT AT ALL!
 Some Crazy Future
“Applications” of
Advanced Technologies!
 PROGRESS IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY BY 3000 !
 PhD Degrees in Science and Engineering

25000
Asians citizens
All fields of Science &
20000 Engineering
PhD per year

15000
US citizens, all fields of Science
and Engineering, (excluding
10000 psychology & social sciences)

US citizens,
5000 Physical Sciences and
Engineering only

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, National Science Board, 2002

By 2012, if current trends continue, over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the
world will be Asians working in Asia.
 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007
“For the discovery of Giant
Magnetoresistance"

Albert Fert Peter Grünberg

France Germany
 Nanotechnology gives sensitive
read-out heads for compact hard
disks
• For the year 2007, the physics prize
was awarded for the technology that
is used to read data on hard disks.
Thanks to this technology that it has
been possible to miniaturize hard
disks so radically in recent years.
Sensitive read-out heads are needed
to be able to read data from the
compact hard disks used in laptops
and some music players, for
instance.
 What is Nanotechnology?
• The study of objects and phenomena at a very small scale,
roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)
– 10 hydrogen atoms lined up measure about 1 nm
– A grain of sand is 1 million nm, or 1 millimeter, wide
• What’s interesting about the nanoscale?
– Nanosized particles exhibit different properties than larger
particles of the same substance
• Studying phenomena at this scale will…
– Change our understanding of matter
– Lead to new questions and answers in many areas, like
health care, energy, technology
 Nanotechnology in Nature
• “When a gull lands on the deck of an aircraft
carrier, the vessel sinks by one nanometre.”

www.gresham.ac.uk
 Why hadn’t we thought
of this long before?
We didn’t have the tools.
Not only couldn’t we
manipulate individual
atoms and molecules, but
we couldn’t even see
them!
 Why is nano technology
coming to the surface
now?
Tools to see, measure, and
manipulate matter at the
nanoscale now exist.
What Is All the Fuss About
Nanotechnology?
Any given search engine will
produce 1.6 million hits.
Nanotechnology is on the way to
becoming the FIRST trillion
dollar market .

Nanotechnology influences
almost every facet of every day
life such as security and
medicine..
 Lots and Lots of Atoms
How many atoms do you think
you have in your body?
A billion?
A 109
billion? A trillion? A billion
A trillion?
109 10121012 billion?
1018
A billion
billion A trillion trillion
billion? trillion?
1027 1036
 Lots and Lots of Atoms
Do you think there are more
stars in the universe or atoms
in your body?

1027 1021
Atoms
Atoms in
in your body
your body Stars in Universe
 NANO INDIAN
Every Indian is a
Nano Indian!
Industrial Revolutions
First Revolution
(1780–1840)
Based in United Kingdom
 Steam Engine
 Textile Industry
 Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Revolutions
Second Revolution
(1840–1900)
Based in Europe –
England, France, Germany
 Railways
 Steel Industry
Industrial Revolutions
Third Revolution
(1900–1950)
Based in United States
 Electric Engine
 Heavy Chemicals
 Automobiles
 Consumer Durables
Industrial Revolutions

Fourth Revolution
(1950–Present)
Based in Pacific Basin –
California, Japan
 Synthetics
 Organic Chemicals (Oil)
 Computers
The Next Industrial Revolution

Fifth Revolution
(2010? – ??)
Based in Developing World?
China? India? Brazil?
 Nanotechnology
 Molecular Manufacturing
 The Next Big Step

Nanotechnolo
gy
l
ct ta

Computers
pa ci e

Automobiles
s
Im So

Railways
Steam Engines
(Middle Ages)

Tim
e
• SOME “INNOCENT
LOOKING” BUT
SHORT- SIGHTED
VISIONS !
GUESS WHAT IT COULD BE?
The Volume and Size of 5MB mem

•
In September 1956 IBM launched the 305 RAMAC, t
• Let us start appreciating your 4 GB jump drive costin
aunces and costing US$ 50!
 BEWARE OF PREDICTIONS
1954 view of Home computer for
2004!!
� �
Historical Use of Nanoparticles:
Stained Glass
 How small is nano,
really?
How small is nano, really?
Ant
Mountain 1 mm
1 km 1/1000 of
child
1/1,000,000
of
mountain
Child
Sugar Molecule
1m
1 nm
1/1000
Bacteria 1/1000 of bacteria
of mountain
1µ m 1/1,000,000 of ant
1/1000 of ant 1/1,000,000,000 of chi
1/1,000,000 of child
 Definition
"When they planned it, the French first set the
meter to be one ten-millionth of the distance
from the equator to the North Pole."

quote & graphic from www.dmturner.org/Teacher/Library/4thText/MatPart2.html

Size Matters
10 centimeters
1 centimeter
100 micrometers
The fly's eye is made
of hundreds of
tiny facets,
resembling
a honeycomb.
10 micrometers
The fly's eye is
made of hundreds
of smaller eyes.
Each facet is a
small lens with
light sensitive
cells underneath
1 micrometer
In between the facets
are bristles which
give sensory input
from the surface
of the eye.
100 nanometers
 10 nanometers
At the center of the
cell is the tightly coiled
molecule DNA.
It contains the
genetic material
needed to duplicate
the fly.
1 nanometer
 Fraction of nm
• Carbon atom
• An essential ingredient for life
• is mostly empty space. A cloud of six
negatively charged electrons orbits the
positively charged nucleus.
 RELATIVE SIZES
• Atom 0.1 nm
Water 0.2 nm
• DNA (width) 2 nm
• Protein 5 nm
• Cell membrane 5 nm thick
• Virus 5 – 100 nm
• Materials internalized by cells < 100 nm
• Bacteria 1,000 – 10,000 nm
• White Blood Cell 10,000 nm
 Nano - How big are we talking
about?

Thousands of
nanometers Nanometers
A million . Ten shoulder-to-shoulder
nanometers hydrogen atoms span 1
The pinhead sized patch nanometer. DNA molecules
of this thumb are about 2.5 nanometers wide.
is a million
nanometers across.
Billions of
nanometers
A human hair is approximately 100,000 nm.
A two meter tall male is two billion
nanometers.
 The
Things Na
O
P
O O

O O O O

O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O

S S S S S S S S
 Transistor vs Virus

Function : switch and amplifier self-reproduction

Memory: 1 bit >>10,000
Production time: a few weeks < a day
 NANOTECHNOLOGY:HISTORY
1905: Einstein published paper estimating
diameter of a sugar molecule as 1
nanometer
• • FEYNMAN
1959 - “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (Nobel
Prize 1965)
• • TANIGUCHI
1974 - On the basic concept of “nanotechnology”
• BINNIG & ROHRER
1981 - STM (Nobel Prize 1986)
• CURL, KROTO & SMALLEY
1985 - Buckyballs (Nobel Prize 1996)
• • DREXLER
1986 - “Engines of Creation” (Guru)
No list of contributors would be complete
0

without
K. Eric Drexler: futuristic guy.
Founder of the Foresight inst. In CA.

http://www.imm.org
Inst. For Molecular Manufacturing
• 1981: Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) created
• 1985: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) invented
• 1993: Carbon Nanotubes discovered
• 1998: First Single-Electron Transistor created
• 2001: Nanowire ZnO laser
• 2002: Superlattice Nanowires
• 2004: Single-Electron Transistor with tiny mechanical
arm
……….And the story goes on !
 NANOWRITING
Letter size:250 nm

If one was to write all 20 volumes of Oxford English Dictionary

with this resolution the entire writing would fit on an area smaller
than the size of a capital letter on this page.
 What is tunneling?

At the quantum nano level, small particles can "tunnel"

through seemingly impenetrable barriers
 ATOMIC FORCE
MICROSCOPE
Laser Diode

Mirror Cantilever substrate

Sample

Flexible Cantilever
XYZ Piezoelectric
Scanner
 Atomic manipulation by STM: 1989
IBM logo – 35 Xenon atoms

The enabling tool – STM

(Scanning Tunneling
)Microscope

Can be used not only to image a

surface with atomic resolution,
but also to manipulate individual
.atoms and molecules

IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose

 Nanotechnology in Nature
• “Geckos hang upside down on
the ceiling by nanotechnology;
on each toe they have millions of
tiny hairs, and each hair has a
minute force which holds on to
the ceiling.”

quote from www.gresham.ac.uk

picture from http://homepage.mac.com/derya
 Nanotechnology in Nature
• “When there are millions of these hairs the
creature can in fact support 200 times its own
weight hanging from the ceiling.”

www.gresham.ac.uk
 Nanotechnology in Nature

• Nanoparticles have existed for billions of years:

– Salt crystals in ocean breezes
– Terpene: hydrocarbons in the essential oils and
resins of trees (turpentine)
– Volcanic ash

Consumer Reports, July 2007

• You can’t avoid nanoparticles- or you’d have to
stop drinking milk, which is full of nano-sized
particles of casein. The sugar molecule is about
1nm is diameter.
• Humans are living proof where nanotechnology
works. Our cells work don’t they?
THE LOTUS EFFECT

On a smooth surface the

contaminating particles are only
moved by the water droplet (left).
In contrast to that, on a rough
surface they stick to the droplet
rolling off the leaf thus being
washed off (right).
“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
Richard Feynman 29/12/1959

I am not afraid to consider the final question as to“

whether, ultimately---in the great future---we can
arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all
! the way down
The principles of physics do not speak against the
.possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom
…a development which I think cannot be avoided.”
Richard Feynman at CALTECH
 “There’s plenty of room ...”
Outlined idea to copy the Encyclopedia Britannica (24 vol) onto a pin head using letters
1/25,000th their original size using 1959 technology.
 Nanotechnology

• The Technology of GOD

There are two ways to build
a house…...

Top-
down

Bottom
-up
There are two ways to
make tools...

Top-
down

Bottom-
Up
Micro-technology - Similar to painting &
carving - just on a much smaller scale

Add layers of paint or other matter -

remove excess matter
Contemporary Production Processes
Used in Nanotechnology
Vapor Deposition
Evaporization
Combustion
Thermal Plasma
Milling
Cavitation
Milling (Spin or Dip)
Thermal Spray
Electrodeposition
 Micro and
Micro and Nano
Nanotechnologies - status -
technologies
Micro and Nano technologies - status
status
• Micro technologies • Nano technologies
• 1/1,000,000 of a meter • 1/1,000,000,000 of a
• Devices dimensions today in meter
the Microelectronics • 1000 Billion devices on a
industry ~0.18 µ m chip
• The dimensions will reach • Atomic scale devices
0.1 µ m in 2010 • Not in production……...
• ~1000 million devices on a yet.
chip
 Surface to Volume Ratio Increases
As surface to volume ratio
increases :
A greater amount of a
substance comes in contact
with surrounding material
This results in better
catalysts, since a greater
proportion of
the material is exposed
for potential reaction
PROCESS SIZE
 Potential Impact of
Nanotechnology
• How might new innovations
change our lives?
– Materials: stain-resistant
clothing
– Environment: clean
energy, clean air
– Technology: better data
storage and computation
– Heath care: chemical and
biological sensors, drugs
and delivery devices
Optical Properties Example: Gold
• Bulk gold appears yellow in “Bulk” gold looks yellow
color
• Nanosized gold appears red
in color
– The particles are so small
that electrons are not free
to move about as in bulk
gold
– Because this movement is
restricted, the particles
react differently with light

12 nanometer gold particles look red

 Size-Dependent Properties
• Properties of a material
– Describe how the material acts under certain conditions
– Are often measured by looking at large (~1023 ) aggregation of
atoms or molecules
• Types of properties
– Optical (e.g. color, transparency)
– Electrical (e.g. conductivity)
– Physical (e.g. hardness, boiling point)
– Chemical (e.g. reactivity, reaction rates)
 SOME NANO-PRODUCTS
AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
 Nanopaint for cars holds up
better, resists chips

• Mercedes covered with nano paint

• Buildings as air purifiers?
• Nanopaint for buildings could clean air!

– China has engineered a nanopaint to

decompose air pollution particles like
formaldehyde
Nano solar cells mixed in plastic
could be painted on buses, roofs,
clothing. Solar becomes a cheap
energy alternative!

Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in

semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two
electrodes
A DVD That Could Hold a Million
Movies
• New nanomedia could result in a million
times greater storage density
Lighter, stronger,
smarter, less expensive
• New, inexpensive materials with a
strength-to-weight ratio over 100 times
that of steel
• Critical for aerospace: airplanes,
rockets, satellites…
• Useful in cars, trucks, ships, ...
• Energy Production
• - Clean, less expensive sources enabled by
• novel nano materials and processes

• • Energy Utilization
• - High efficiency and durable home and
• industrial lighting
• - Solid state lighting can reduce total
• electricity consumption by
• 10% and cut carbon emission
• by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year
• (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab)

• • Materials of construction sensing changing conditions and in

response, altering their inner structure
 Detecting Diseases Earlier
• Quantum dots glow
in UV light
– Injected in mice,
collect in tumors
– Could locate as few as
10 to 100 cancer cells

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized

crystals that contain free electrons
and emit photons when submitted to
UV light Early tumor detection, studied in mice
Antibodies 1 nm
1 nm

Chemical
Linker

Nano particle

Drug chemical

An example:
Drug Delivery
 The Perfect
Some products combine different kinds of
Fridge?
nanotechnology, such as the Samsung
Nano SilverSeal refrigerator

“Samsung has rolled out a line of fridges and

washing machines that use nanocoatings to
prevent nasty bugs from growing. Specks of
silver, as small as one nanometer across, are
used to coat surfaces. These nanoparticles
are so electrically active that they inhibit the
growth of harmful bacteria and fungs. In its
fridge, Samsung used the nanosilver in the
deodorizer unit and water dispenser to
sanitize the air and water that passes over
them.”
 SMART MATERIALS FOR
BODY ARMOR

KEVLAR FABRIC RESISTS ICE PICK AND BULLET

AFTER TREATMENT IN SHEAR THICKENING FLUID
Y. S. Lee, E. D. Wetzel, N. J. Wagner, Journal of
Materials Science, 38 (13) 2825-2833 . 2002.
 Nano and Super Computing
• “Computers are incredibly fast, accurate, and
stupid; humans are incredibly slow, inaccurate,
and brilliant; together they are powerful
beyond imagination”—Albert Einstein
 POWERFUL COMPUTERS
• We’ll have more computing power
in the volume of a sugar cube than
the sum total of all the computer
power that exists in the world
today
• More than 1021 bits in the same
volume
• Almost a billion Pentiums in
parallel
• Nanowires of silicon, and other materials, have
remarkable optical, electronic and magnetic
properties. It is hoped they will prove useful in
computer memory. Carbon nanotubes for
circuits, transistors, switches etc.
• In contrast, we use nanoparticles of soot in tires
since 1900 to make them black, and nano bits of
gold and silver have been added to color pigments
in stained glass since the 10th century! Color
depends on the size of these particles
 Where you can expect to find nanosilver in YOUR life:
•In things you ingest •In things to “look good”
•In things you wear •In things you touch
•Vegetable cleaner •Hair dryers •Cell phones
•Toothpaste •Hair brushes •Laptop PCs
Sheets & pillows
•Toothbrush •Make-up brushes •Computer peripherals
Towels
Fabrics •Denture cleaner •Curling irons •ATM buttons
Uniforms •“Health” supplements •Shavers •Elevator buttons
Sports shirts •“Health” drinks •Razors & blades •Doorknobs &
Hats & gloves •Food storage containers •Cosmetics handrails
Underwear •Dishware •Shampoos & soaps •Telephones
Condoms •Frying pans •Lamps
•Wipes
Hearing aids •Teapots •Watches
•Vaginal gel
Socks & Slippers •Cutlery handles •Vacuum cleaners
Shoe inserts & cleaner •Kitchen cutting boards •In things for your baby •Paper
•Nanbabie™ clothing
Foot bath massager •Kitchen cleaners •Paints & Inks
•Pacifiers & teething toys
Fabric softeners •Refrigerators
•Baby bottles
Laundry balls •Water purifiers •Pet water purifier
Laundry additives •Bottle brush cleaner
•Air filters & humidifiers •In•Pet spray
things for your pet
Soaps & detergents •Baby strollers
•Air masks •Pet Shampoo
Washing machines •Children’s plush toys
•Air conditioners
•Baby antibacterial spray
Applications: Nano for Sale
• Not all nanotechnology lies 20 years hence, as the following sampling of already commercialized applications indicates.

• Application: Catalysts
Company: Exxonmobil
Description: Zeolites, minerals with pore sizes of less than one nanometer, serve as more efficient catalysts to break down, or crack, large hydrocarbon molecules to
form gasoline.

• Application: Data storage

Company: IBM
Description: In the past few years, disk drives have added nanoscale layering-which exploits the giant magnetoresistive effect-to attain highly dense data storage.

• Application: Drug delivery

Company: Gilead Sciences
Description: Lipid spheres, called liposomes, which measure about 100 nanometers in diameter, encase an anticancer drug to treat the AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

• Application: Manufacture of raw materials

Company: Carbon Nanotechnologies
Description: Co-founded by buckyball discoverer Richard E. Smalley, the company has made carbon nanotubes more affordable by exploiting a new manufacturing
process.

• Application: Materials enhancement

Company: Nanophase Technologies
Description: Nanocrystalline particles are incorporated into other materials to produce tougher ceramics, transparent sunblocks to block infrared and ultraviolet
radiation, and catalysts for environmental uses, among other applications.
• NANOPARTICLES are made by Nanophase Technologies.
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
AND MARKET POTENTIAL
• NANO METAL OXIDE/METALS:
Silica, Titania, Alumina, Iron Oxide are very important materials.
Main applications of oxides nanoparticles are in,
pharmacy/medicine, electronics, cosmetics, chemistry and
catalysis.
• CARBON NANOTUBES:
Very expensive(150 Euro/gm),200 times stronger than
steel;Sensor,CNT based devices,Flat screen display etc.
• NANO CLAYS:
Fillers in polymers, flame retardants
• NANO COMPOSITES:
Improved mech and electrical properties
• ORGANIC NANO PARTICLES:
Drugs and chemicals, Vitamins, Liposomes,Dendrimers
Applications of Nanotechnology

VDI
Applications of Nanotechnology

VDI
 Products Anticipated
• 2004-7 burn and wound dressings, water filtration devices, paints,
cosmetics, coatings, lubricants, textiles, memory/storage devices
• 2008-10 – medical diagnostics, displays, sensors, drug delivery,
composite materials, solid state lighting, bio-materials, nano arrays,
more powerful computers, protective armor, chem-bio suits, and
chem-bio sensors
• 2011-15 -- nanobiomaterials, microprocessors, new catalysts,
portable energy cells, solar cells, tissue/organ regeneration, smart
implants
• 2016 and beyond – molecular circuitry, quantum computing,
new materials, fast chemical analyses
 NANO PREDICTIONS!
Two to five years from now:
Car tires that need air only once a year.
Complete medical diagnostics on a single
computer chip.
Go-anywhere concentrators
that produce drinkable water
from air.
air
Five to 10 years
Powerful computers you can wear or fold into your wallet.
Drugs that turn AIDS and cancer into manageable conditions.
Smart buildings that self-stabilize during earthquakes or bombings.
 Some nano-predictions
• Eternal life-cell reconstruction by nanobots (inject robots
into the blood) NO!
• Utopia- no more old age, no more disease, no more energy
crisis no more food shortage. NO!
• Restoration of the environment- nanobots again (let the little-
bots loose in the air- repair one molecule at a time. The threat
of grey-goo) NO!
• Computers in clothes in the walls all around us (each
computer is very small- transmitters in everything)
err - not yet anyway?
• Living cells- artificially made cells that reproduce and are
“alive”- nano-Frankensteins. May be but not yet?
 Self Assembling Machines? 0

Not Yet!!
• Do we have any kind of
mechanical parts for
man made nano-
machines?
• We have many Bearing top; differential gear bottom

computer models care

of Drexler and
www.imm.org but these
are just models and not
real atomic
constructions.
 NANO PREDICTIONS
• 10 to 15 years
• Artificial intelligence so sophisticated you can't
tell if you're talking on the phone with a human
or a machine.
• Paint-on computer and entertainment video
displays.
• Elimination of invasive surgery, since bodies
can be monitored and repaired almost totally
from within.
 Dominance of Electromagnetic
Forces
• Because the mass of nanoscale objects is so small, gravity
becomes negligible
– Gravitional force is a function of mass and is weak
between nanosized particles
– Electromagnetic force is not affected by mass, so it can
be very strong even when we have nanosized particles
– The electromagnetic force between two protons is 1036
times stronger than gravitational force
 D R
O E
N A

A M

N S
 DREAMS
NANOMACHINES
NANOMEDICINE
NANOELECTRONICS
DREAMS AND VISION
LEAD TO
PRAGMATISM !
• "The Dream is not what
you see in sleep..,
Dream is the thing which
does not let you sleep."
 NANOMEDICINE
• In the future, we will have fleets of
surgical tools that are molecular
both in size and precision.
• We will also have computers much
smaller than a single cell to guide
those tools.
 NANOMEDICINE
• Killing cancer cells, bacteria
• Removing circulatory obstructions
• Providing oxygen (artificial red
blood cells)
• Adjusting other metabolites
Nanorobots are decades away, but
could…
Break apart kidney
stones,
clear plaque from
blood
vessels, ferry drugs
to tumor cells
 Space Elevator
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20021005/bob9.asp

“Ribbon to the stars”

In “The Fountains of Paradise” by
Arthur C. Clarke.
If the celestial mechanics make it possible for an
object to stay fixed in the sky, might it not be possible
to lower a cable down to the surface and so establish
an elevator system linking earth to space ?
 SPACE ELEVATOR
• The Idea
– To create a tether from earth to some object in a
geosynchronous orbit. Objects can then crawl up
the tether into space.
– Saves time and money
• The Problem
– 62,000-miles (100,000-kilometers)
– 20+ tons
 Moving up in the world!
• Lightening might be a problem- a floating station
could move out of the way of storms- also position
the ground station off the coast of Ecuador, to
receive fewer lightening strikes.
• The ribbon of the elevator could be made of
carbon nanotubes encased in graphite. This
encasing causes the tubes to align and aggregate.
Needs to be 100,000km long.
• The initial ribbon would be micron thick and 20 to
40cm wide, it would support a weight of 1,800 Kg.
( Space station moves out from 35,000km to
100,000km as counterweight to ribbon unfurling.)
 LONG-TERM POSSIBILITIES
SPACE ELEVATOR FROM ORBIT AND POSSIBLE SEA-
LEVEL ANCHOR (NASA)

STRONG NANOTUBE CABLE STRETCHES

22,241 MILES FROM EARTH TO
GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT. THE SATELITE
END MOVES AT 6,876 MPH
The Space Elevator
Space Elevator

climber
Nano self-replicated machines
 Some Final Thoughts
•Still a young science, but
could take off at
any time
•Presents wonderful
opportunities
• Presents terrible
 MICROMETALLIC ROSE

• The nanotechnology research group led by Prof. S. K.

Chakarvarti , Ex-Chairman, Department of Physics
of the Institute won accolades by getting their Cover
Competition entry in an international Journal
Materials Today short listed as one of the best
final 10 entries. For more information, please log on to
http://www.materialstoday.com/cover_comp_2006.htm
and click on the link to see winners
and finalists.
 MICRO
METALLIC ROSE

THIS astonishingly beautiful but lab synthesized

“flower” is less than one
TWENTIETH the width of a human hair
Nano-Explosions – Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of an
overflowed electrodeposited magnetic nanowire array (CoFeB), where the
template has been subsequently completely etched. It’s a reminder that
nanoscale research can have unpredicted consequences at a high level.

(Image: Fanny Beron, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada)

CONDUCTING POLYMER
POLYPYRROLE TUBULES
YOUR CHILDREN, AND THEIR
CHILDREN WILL THANK YOU
FOR THE WORK YOU DO IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY!
 Some Final Thoughts
•Still a young science, but
could take off at
any time
•Presents wonderful
opportunities
• Presents terrible
Wake Up!
The Talk is
Over!
 Than
k
…..FOR YOUR PATIENCE
Nanomachines
 So what don’t we have?

We don’t have self assembler factories or microbots in

the blood to repair our cells. No eternal life any time
soon or the utopia dream of no disease and restoration
of the environment… wait at least another 30-50 years for
those things.
Economics matters, matter matters, but
the economics of matter matters more!
PROSPECTS
• Application potential established
NEXT ?
= f (PUBLIC OPINION + HEALTH
INSURANCE +NANO R&D
INVESTMENT + SAFETY)
 Material Ethereal
nano poem
We speculate
but underrate
what mystery we wrangle,
a Nanotube
from carbon crude,
that nature did entangle.
Two kinds or type
of nano-pipe
can possibly appeal:
A Multi-Wall
or Single-Wall
of carbon might congeal.
At nano volts
and little jolts
our Nanotube we measure.
The Single-Walls
like metal hauls
electrons at our pleasure.
In Multi-Wall
electrons crawl
resisting with displeasure.
Now bend to shape
with twist and plait
our circuit sold for treasure.
 For More Poetry, visit

http://www.pa.msu.edu/
cmp/csc/NANOTUBE-
99/varia/1.html
NANONICS

ART AND SCIENCE OF

CREATING MATERIALS WITH
DIMENSIONS COMPARABLE
WITH SIZE OF THE ATOM TO
WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT!
ALWAYS MORE COMPLEX,
ALWAYS MORE SMALLER:
MAIN CHALLENGES OF
TODAY’S
NANOTECHNOLOGY!
NANOELECTRONICS
MOORE’S LAW

Density of transistors on a Si chip

doubles every 18 months. To meet
this challenge, “Bottom-up”
Bottom-up
rather than “Top-down”
Top-down
approach needs to be adopted!
 Can Moore’s law keep
going?
Power dissipation=greatest obstacle for 500
500
Moore’s law!

2
400 Passive Power (Device Leakage)
400
Modern processor chips consume
~100W of power of which about 20% is 300
300

wasted in leakage through the transistor 200

200 Active Power
gates.
100
100
The traditional means of coping with

erdnsity(W
/cm ow
P
increased power per generation has

)
00
50.5
0 0 30.35
5 0 20.25
5 0 10.18
8 0 0.13
1 3 0 10.1
0 0 0.07
7 0 0.05
50
been to scale down the operating Te chn olo gy no de ( nm )
voltage of the chip but voltages are
reaching limits due to thermal
fluctuation effects.
Carbon Nanotubes
0
 CARBON NANOTUBES TO
0

RESCUE !
We have semiconductor carbon nanotubes
which can be made into all the different types of
Transistors, gates and switches and memory
needed for todays chip architecture. Chicken wire
Atomic structure is twisted like the cardboard of
a toilet roll.

We have conductor type carbon nanotubes which can be use

for Connecting the chip bits and pieces together. Chicken
wire looksStraight- hexagons of carbon atoms are parallel
and evenly aligned.
We have no way at present to mass produce the parts or
the chips for commercial use. The parts are made
painstakingly one at a time. They have not been put into
 Carbon nanotubes
 Single walled Carbon nano tubes will debut in
polymers as a way to strengthen plastics parts in cars
or get them to conduct electricity through normally
nonconductive materials.
 Paint that can deflect radar is anticipated within a
year or two.
 Computer and TV manufacturers plan to use C-nano
tubes to reduce the cost of flat screens. Coming soon
2005.
 A carbon nano tube ½ the width of a pencil can
support over 40,000 Kg.
FLAT NANO TV
Nanotechnology on Si: MEMS, pollen
and red blood cells
a grain of pollen

Drive gear
chain and
linkages

coagulated
red blood
cells
 Summary
• An emerging, interdisciplinary science
– Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth
science, and computer science
• The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a
tiny scale will lead to
– New areas of research and technology design
– Better understanding of matter and interactions
– New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the
environment, and technology
– A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away
SOME CREATIONS FROM
OUR LABORATORY
 MICROMETALLIC ROSE

• The nanotechnology research group led by Prof. S. K.

Chakarvarti , Chairman, Department of Applied
Physics of the Institute won accolades by getting their
Cover Competition entry in an international
Journal Materials Today short listed as one
of the best final 10 entries. For more information,
please log on to
http://www.materialstoday.com/cover_comp_2006.htm
and click on the link to see winners
and finalists.
CONDUCTING POLYMER
POLYPYRROLE TUBULES
But if the future really will be so different
from today, why doesn’t it look that way
from here?
• Development of the ability to design
protein molecules will make possible
the construction of molecular
machines. These machines can build
second-generation machines able to
perform extremely general synthesis
of three-dimensional molecular
structures, thus permitting
construction of devices and
materials to complex atomic
specifications. This capability has
implications for technology in
general and in particular for
computation and characterization,
 WHAT IS ATP?
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the
energy currency or coin of the cell,
transfers energy from chemical bonds to
endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions
within the cell. Structurally, ATP consists
of the adenine nucleotide (ribose sugar,
adenine base, and phosphate group, PO4-
2) plus two other phosphate groups.
groups
•
STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF
ATP
ATP molecular motor
A demonstration on the
molecular level

A nano-motor manipulated by two laser beams

The Future with Nanotechnology

Left: A nano-gear
Right: A nano-universal-joint
So- can we live for ever with nanobots or MEMS in our blood,
repairing cells as soon as they start to wear or falter??
MEMS - Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems
BUILDING THE MACHINE TOOL FOR THE
MICROWORLD
 Large scale industrial
nanotechnology
• Develop new techniques to produce food,
medicine, etc.
• Build machines, materials, and devices with the
ultimate finesse that life has always used: atom
by atom, on the same nanometer scale as the
machinery in living cells
• Energy production.
• Replace / complement microelectronics as
leading enabling technology
Positive Effects on Society

Nanomachines could
allow for cleaner
energy production

Nanomachines in the
blood stream
patrolling for viruses
Negative Effects on Society
 If it falls into the wrong hands

Genocide and ethnic

cleansing (pictures
from Kosovo)
 The Future with
Nanotechnology

Above: A nano-bearing
Right: A “nano-factory”
 0

• Why can’t we just scale down

machines, build the same mechanical
parts only smaller? Stickiness,
Brownian motion, surface to volume
ratio, weird quantum forces.
• Where are we with respect to self
assembly of machine parts? Drexlers
dream machines. Grey Goo? Borg?
• Can we live forever, with nanobots in
our blood?
• What about components for circuits
and the promise of Terahertz CPU’s
in the future? (1000x faster than
today’s Pentium 4 chip, 3 or 4 GHz).
YOU CAN CONTACT ME AT

skchakarvarti@gmail.com
skchakarvarti@yahoo.co.in
Thank
you
for your
patience
!
Some Crazy Future
“Applications” of
Advanced
Technologies!
 PROGRESS IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY BY 3000 !