FREQUENCY HOPPING

SPREAD SPECTRUM IN
MILITARY COMMUNICATION
BY
S.V.SRAVANI

(114150)

G.MOHIT

(114117)

MOHD. KHAJA

(114134)

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
To improve security in military communications using

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum technique.

To develop relevant transceiver model of FHSS using

79 different carrier frequencies using Matlab/Simulink

software.

Specifications:
Data rate

1 Mbps

Hopping rate 1600 hops/sec

Separation between the channels 1 MHz

Problems of military
communication:
Hostile jammers
Jammers that intentionally create multipath distortion
Need to conceal the existence of the transmitted signal
Prevent unauthorised demodulation
Prevent

Spread spectrum:
Spread spectrum modulation techniques are defined as those

techniques in which
- The bandwidth of the transmitted signal is much higher than
the bandwidth of the original message.
- The bandwidth of the transmitted signal is determined by the
message to be transmitted and by an additional signal known
as the spreading code.

Need for Spread Spectrum

Technique
To provide efficient utilization of bandwidth and power.
To reject interference.
To establish secure communication.

Advantages of spread spectrum

By transmitting the message over a bandwidth much higher

than the minimum required, Spread spectrum modulation

techniques provide the following major advantages:
i.
ii.
iii.

iv.
v.

Low power density

Redundancy
Resistance to interference and anti- jamming effects.
Resistance to interception
Resistance to multi-path fading.

Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading Is Offset

by Multiple Users

USER

1 + USER 2 + USER 3 + .. + USER N

DATA IN BB X PROCESSING GAIN

Spreading does not spare the limited frequency resource.

That overuse is well compensated, however, by the
possibility that many users will share the enlarged frequency
band .

General block diagram of spread

spectrum communication

Channel
encoder

Modulator

Pseudo
Noise
generator

Channel

Demodulator

Pseudo
Noise
generator

Channel
decoder

Types of Spread spectrum

There are two commonly used spread spectrum techniques.

They are:

Frequency Hopping spread spectrum

Direct sequence spread spectrum

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

With this technique, the pseudo random noise is added directly

to the data entering the carrier modulator.

The modulator therefore sees much larger bit rate, which

corresponds to the rate of the pseudo random noise sequence.

Modulating an RF carrier with such a code sequence produces

a direct sequence modulated spread spectrum with (sin x/x)2

frequency spectrum, centered at carrier frequency.

Frequency Hopping Spread

Spectrum
It is the repeated switching of frequencies during radio
transmission, often to minimize the effectiveness of "electronic
warfare" - that is, the unauthorized interception or jamming of
telecommunications.
Generate a bit pattern.
The original message modulates the carrier, thus generating a

narrow band signal.

The frequency of the carrier is periodically modified (hopped)

following a specific spreading code.

 In FHSS systems, the spreading code is a list of

frequencies to be used for the carrier signal.

The amount of time spent on each hop is known as

dwell time.
Redundancy is achieved in FHSS systems by the

possibility to execute re-transmissions on frequencies

(hops) not affected by noise.

Frequency Hopping Spread

Spectrum
It is a transmission technique where the carrier hops from
frequency to frequency.
For frequency hopping, a mechanism must be designed so that
the data can be transmitted in a clear channel.
Carrier changes its frequency according to a pseudo random
sequence, which is a list of frequencies. The carrier then
repeats this pattern.
i.e., FHSS divides the available bandwidth into N channels and
hops between these channels according to PN sequence.
The transmitter and the receiver must synchronise to the
sequence

Frequency-Hopped Spread
Spectrum

Information
Sequence
Encoder

PN
Sequence
Generator

FSK
Modulator

Mixer

Frequency
Synthesizer

Channel

Mixer

Frequency
Synthesizer
PN
Sequence
Generator

FSK
Modulator

Time
Sync

Decoder

How transmission occurs?

Data from source is sent to modulator, and modulation

is accomplished using mechanisms such as FSK or

BPSK.
The resultant signal is a narrow band signal.
Then frequency hopping is established according to

the hop sequence. The generated sequence is fed into

frequency synthesizer, which generates different
carrier frequencies.

Narrow band signal + carrier frequency (which changes frequently)

= spread spectrum signal

In the receiver part, demodulation of the spread spectrum signal is

accomplished using the same sequence of PN derived frequencies
and output data is obtained.

Error performance of the system will be good compared to normal

transmission of a signal.

An example of FHSS

Types of FHSS:

Fast frequency hopping spread spectrum

- in which hopping rate is higher than bit rate.

Slow frequency hopping spread spectrum

- in which bit rate is higher than hopping rate.

As per the given specifications, this project comes under Slow

frequency hopping.

Uses of FHSS
Important form of encoding for wireless communication.
Transmit either analog or digital data
Analog signal (transmission)
Developed initially for military and intelligence requirements
Spread data over wider bandwidth
Makes jamming and interception harder

Matlab /Simulink implementation

DATA RATE

TRANSMITTER

CHANNEL

Bit Error Rate

RECIEVER

General block diagram of the system

Data generator: It generates random binary data, which is

transmitted through the channel. In Matlab/Simulink, data was
generated by Bernoulli random generator.

Transmitter: It consists of binary cyclic encoder, packet assembler

and modulator.

Channel: Two types of channels were used such as AWGN and

Rayleigh fading channels.

Receiver: It consists of demodulator, de-assembler and binary

cyclic decoder.

 Bit error rate analyzer:

The function of bit error rate analyzer is comparing the

transmitted bits and received bits and compute bit error rate.
Bit error rate is calculated as per the formula:

BER = Number of error bits / Total number of bits

transmitted.

Block configuration of transmitter

Bernoulli
Binary

Cyclic Encoder

FH-CPM
MODULATOR

OUT
FH
PATTERN

Transmitter section of FHSS communication link

Frequency hopping
structure
Random integers in

the range 0-78 are

generated at a rate of
1600/sec.
They are given to

MFSK modulator for

generating the
hopping pattern.

randint(78,100,1))

u-39

display
display

Modulator:
The frequency

spreader is an MFSK
modulator block, whose
input is the hop- index.

CPM

Narrow band signal

from GFSK modulator

and carrier from MFSK
modulator are
combined to give
spread spectrum signal.

To
frame

79 - FSK

Channel:

Two kinds of noise i.e. AWGN and Rayleigh are added to the
spread signal in the channel.

Block configuration of the receiver:

Receiver section of the FHSS communication system

Demodulator:

The design of frequency

hopping despreader is same

as that of spreader.
But output of MFSK block is

complex conjugated as
shown in the figure.

Simulations
-Output from modulator

Simulations
-Output from transmitter

Simulations
- BER plot

THANK YOU