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IMPLICATURES
by Don L. F. Nilsen
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CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES
I. Quantity
A. Be informative
B. Dont give more information than is required
II. Quality
A. Dont lie or mislead
B. Dont make statements unless there is adequate evidence
III. Relation
A. Be relevant
IV. Manner
A. Avoid obscurity
B. Avoid ambiguity
C. Be succinct
D. Be orderly
(Grice Logic and Conversation 47)
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Sperber and Wilson have a minimalistic theory that needs only one
concept: relevance.
(Sperber and Wilson 161)
Nilsen and Nilsen also have a minimalistic theory that needs only one
concept: tendency.
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TENDENCY 1
Norlich and Clarke (in press) note that
conversation has certain purposes. It
is designed to be entertaining,
humorous, knowledgeable, witty,
conspicuous, etc.
(Mey 136)
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TENDENCY 2
In working with Artificial Intelligence, James Meehan developed
a program that understands the elements of a story, and
continuously creates new stories on the basis of the original
one. Here is one of his stories:
One day Joe Bear was hungry. He asked his friend Irving Bird
where some honey was. Irving told him there was a beehive in
the oak tree. Joe threatened to hit Irving if he didnt tell him
where some honey was.
(Meehan 217)
Irving Bird clearly missed the tendency of Joe Bears
statement.
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VIOLATIONS OF QUANTITY 1
I. Quantity
A. Be informative: The Eiron (Huckleberry
Finn, Bartleby the Scrivner), The Politician
(Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld)
B. Dont give more information than is
required: The Boor (Ignatius Riley,
Confederacy of Dunces)
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VIOLATION OF QUANTITY 2
Jacob Meys six-year old daughter, Sara, is bouncing a rubber
ball at a friends house, and it bounces away from her field of
vision.
Meys friend says, Why dont you look behind Volume 6 of
Dostoyevskis Collected Works?
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VIOLATION OF QUANTITY 3
SALES CLERK: Youre over 21, arent you?
CUSTOMER: Well, er, yes. My birthday was
actually yesterday, and were having a party
tonight
SALES CLERK: May I see your ID?
VIOLATES RULE ABOUT DEALING WITH
AUTHORITIES: Never volunteer
information.
(Mey 150)
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VIOLATIONS OF QUALITY 1
II. Quality
A. Dont lie or mislead: The Lover (Casinova,
Humbert Humbert, Don Juan), the Politican (Clinton,
Nixon), The Trickster (The Fox Who Eats the
Gingerbread Man, Little Red Riding Hoods Wolf,
Peters Wolf, Tom Sawyer)
B. Dont make statements unless there is
adequate evidence: The Alazon (Paul Bunyan, Pecos
Bill), The Braggert (the Gingerbread Man), The
Pedant
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VIOLATIONS OF QUALITY 2
Jacob Mey says that readers want to be fooled (up to
a certain point).
Therefore, good authors always have something up
their sleeves, and allow their writing to contain,
deliberate omissions, misleading statements,
uninformative or disinformative remarks and all
sorts of narrative tricks in order to better develop the
plot.
(Mey 78)
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VIOLATIONS OF RELATION
III. Relation
A. Be relevant: Crazy People: Don
Quixote
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VIOLATIONS OF MANNER 1
IV. Manner
A. Avoid obscurity: Animal Farm, Big Brother in
1984, Doublespeak, Fine Print, Newspeak
B. Avoid ambiguity: Prophets, Soothsayers,
Witches (3 Witches in Macbeth)
C. Be succinct: The Shaggy Dog Story
D. Be orderly: Alice in Wonderland
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VIOLATION OF ORDERLINESS
DOORMAN AT A DISCOTEQUE: I need to see your ID. Its the
rule.
INGER (Jacob Meys wife): But I left it back at the hotel.
DOORMAN: Sorry maam, then I cant let you in.
INGER: But Im twenty-nine and the mother of four!
DOORMAN: Yes, and Im the popes grandfather and have six
kids.
(Mey 78)
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ADJACENCY PAIRS
In a book entitled, Lectures on Conversation, Harvey
Sacks said that conversation is dialogue and that
dialogue consists of adjacency relationships like
the following:
Greeting-Greeting, Question-Answer, Request-Offer
(or Denial), Order-Compliance, Buying-Selling, Small
Talk
Openings (Hello-Hello or Excuse me-Yes?)
Closings (OK?-OK.)
(Mey 141, 146)
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Yes?
What?
Excuse me.
Sure.
Whaddyaknow?
I dont know.
Guess what.
What?
(Levinson 346ff)
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ADJACENCY CONTEXT
RESPONSES TO A MARINE OFFICER:
Sir, Yes Sir!
UAW! UAW! UAW! (Understood and
Acknowledged)
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ADJACENCY INDIRECTNESS 1
Whats the time?
Twelve noon.
Time for coffee.
I havent got a watch; sorry.
How should I know?
Ask Jack.
You know bloody well what time it is.
Why do you ask?
What did you say?
What do you mean?
(Tsui 115)
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ADJACENCY INDIRECTNESS 2
AT A DINNER PARTY: Its getting late,
Mildred.
Are you bored?
Do you want to go home?
So?
Dont you like my flirting?
Yes, I need to take my pills.
(Mey 162)
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ADJACENCY INSERTIONS
Are you doing anything tonight?
Why are you asking?
I thought we might catch a movie.
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ADJACENCY MARKEDNESS
REQUIRES MORE POLITENESS
NORMAL:
MARKED
Request
Acceptance
Refusal
Offer
Acceptance
Refusal
Assessment
Agreement
Disagreement
Question
Expected Answer
Unexpected Answer
Blame
Denial
Admission
(Levinson 336)
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ADJACENCY: VIOLATES
SPEAKER-KNOWS-BEST RULE
Two psychiatrists, Dr. Sapirstein and Dr.
Barnstone pass each other in the hallway of
their clinic:
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BACKCHANNELING
Scandinavian ingressive ja
Japanese ingressive sucking in of their
breath sharply
Through the Mouth (Hissing)
Through the Nose (SnortingMostly Males)
(Mey 166-167)
Even when people are on the phone, they often
smile and gesture.
(Mey 196)
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CONVERSATION RULES
Grices Cooperative Principle
Leechs Politeness Principle
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Silence.
Please tell me
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ECONOMY PRINCIPLE
Punctuation: . (unmarked)-- , ! ? (marked)
Telegrams, Telegraphic Speech, Delayed
Speech, Newspaper Headlines are very
economical
Yelling Fire in a theater is very economical
Poetry with its schemes and tropes and
embellishments and repetitions and
rhetorical devices is not very economic.
(Mey 180-181)
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FLOOR
Holding, Sharing, Yielding
Pausing, Interrupting, Back Channeling, Echoing,
Laughing, Prompting, Turn-Taking, etc.
Adjacency Pairs
Greeting-Return Greeting
Question-Answer
Damage-Repair
Summons-Compliance
Advice-Thanks
(Mey 137)
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IRONY
Honestly
Does the distinguished Prime Minister realize that
I dont mean to argue, but
I dont mean to be a fly in the ointment, but
I dont mean to be confrontational, but
I dont mean to interfere, but
To make a long story short
Im not kidding
Literally
With all do respect
(Mey 198)
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LAUGHTER
Laughter can indicate many different things:
1. Embarrassment
2. Apology
3. Understanding the punch line of a joke
(Mey 138)
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!TAUTOLOGY?
DICTIONARY DEFINITION: A cow is an
animal which lives in a barn or a corral and
produces milk.
Pilate said, Quod scripsi scripsi (what I
have written I have written)
Mikhail Bakhtin said, Sentences are
repeatable. Sentences are repeatable.
(Mey 199, Bakhtin 108)
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!!TURN TAKING 1
Turn taking is part of the cooperative principle. It is
based on quid pro quo.
It makes speech aware of the audience. Compare
the following:
Bibles Golden Rule
French Universal Declaration of Rights
United Nations Freedom Charter
(Mey 268)
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!!!TURN TAKING 2
1. Current speaker selects next speaker (e.g.
by passing feather, etc.)
2. Next speaker selects himself
3. Speaker runs out of things to say
4. Speaker runs out of breath
5. Speaker opens the floor to any taker
6. Speaker retains the floor by telling a joke or
story, unnatural breaks, or turnthreatening noises
(Sacks 224, Mey 139-140))
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References # 1:
Eschholz, Paulo, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark. Language Awareness:
Readings for College Writers. New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009.
Grice, H. P. Further Notes on Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and
Semantics Ed. Peter Cole. New York, NY: Academic Press, 113-128.
Grice, H. P. "Logic and Conversation." Syntax and Semantics. Eds. P. Cole,
and J. L. Morgan. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1975, 41-58.
Grice, H. P. "Meaning." Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in
Philosophy, Linguistics, and Psychology Eds. D. Steinberg, and L.
Jakobovits, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 53-59.
Grice, H. P. "Presupposition and Conversational Implicature." Radical
Pragmatics. Ed. Peter Cole. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1989.
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References # 2
Grice, H. P. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1989.
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References # 3:
Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Oxford, England,
2001.
Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Tendentious Puns: Names with
a Purpose. Etc. 48.2 (1991): 146-152.
Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20th-Century
American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
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References # 4:
Raskin, Victor, ed. The Primer of Humor Research. New York, NY:
Mouton de Gruyter, 2008.
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