SPECIAL PURPOSE

MOTORS
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Applied Electricity - EE 2802

Contents
1.

Introduction

2.

Types of special purpose motors

3.

Stepper motor

4.

Universal motor
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1) Introduction
Large

commercial and industrial settings

- Three phase AC and DC machines

Homes

and small business applications

- Machines run from single phase
power sources
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2) Types of Special Purpose

Motors
Stepper

motor
Universal motor
Single phase induction motors
Reluctance motors
Brushless DC motors

..
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3) Stepper Motor
A

digital version of the electric motor

Rotor

moves in discrete steps

Converts

electric pulses into mechanical

movement

Step

= angular rotation for each pulse

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Operation

http://www.pyroelectro.com/tutorials/step_rocker_motor/theory.html

Operation (Example)

Stator

- eight poles
Rotor
- six poles (3 complete
magnets)

 When

no power is applied
Residual flux causes to align one set of rotor
poles with one set of stator poles

Power

is directed to only one stator pair at a

time

When power is applied

Power is directed to only one stator pair
That pole pair becomes a magnet
Attract the closest rotor tooth
Change the current flow to the next stator
winding
Magnetic field will be changed by 45
Rotor will move 15 to align with the stator
Rotor moves through 24 steps to move a
total of 360
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10

Types of Stepper Motors

1.

Permanent-magnet (PM) stepper motor

2.

Variable reluctance (VR) stepper motor

3.

Hybrid stepper motor

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Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor

(a) rotor

(b) stator

Cylindrical

permanent magnet rotor

The number of teeth on the rotor and
stator determine the step angle

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http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/overview.jsp?code=WBT_MO
TORSTEPTUT_WP

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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor

Stator

- magnetic material
Rotor - un-magnetized soft steel

Rotor

moves to form the magnetic circuit

with the minimum reluctance path

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http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/?p=1

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Hybrid Stepper Motor

Combines

the best features of both the

PM and VR
Has soft steel teeth added to the
permanent magnet rotor for a smaller
step angle

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Hybrid stepper
http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/?p=1

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Applications
Digital

control circuits, such as robotics

Machine tools (milling machines, drilling
machines..)
Process control systems
Tape and disk drive systems
Printers

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Switching Sequence
3 different stepping modes;
Full-step
Half-step
Micro-step
The

one already discussed is full step mode

Low no. of steps -> jerky in operation
Different methods used to increase the no. of
steps
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Wave drive

Full-step drive

Half-step drive

http://www.robot-and-machines-design.com/en/Articles/Mechanics/TipsGuides/556-Motor-Selection-How-To-Select-A-Motor-Motor-Types.html

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Micro-stepping

http://www.pcbheaven.com/wikipages/How_Stepper_Motors_Work/

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4) Universal Motor
Able

to run on both AC and DC supply

An extension of a series DC motor
When polarity of Vs is reversed
Both Field current and armature current
reverse in synchronism
-> Continue in the same direction

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 Can

achieve a pulsating but unidirectional

torque from a DC motor connected to an AC
power supply

Extra

sparking is caused by transformer action

These sparks;
Shorten the brush life
High resistance brushes are used
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Torque Speed Characteristics

High

starting torque
Speed is low at full loads
Speed is very high and dangerous at noloads

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Features and Applications

Compact

in size
Used where light weight and high torque
are required
Not suitable for constant speed
applications
High

maintenance and short lifespan

Typically very noisy
Commonly used in portable and
domestic equipment
Often found in a range less than 1000
W

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APPLICATIONS:
In general, used for applications requiring
high speeds and large starting torques

vacuum cleaners
portable drills
sewing machines
kitchen applications (blenders)
hair dryers
domestic washing machines
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