Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
-Location update
-Paging success rate
-Attached success rate
-PDP success rate
SMS success rate
MMS Success rate
NSS
Location update is the procedure that allows a mobile device to inform the network when it moves from one
location to the next , when switching on or off the phone and register for the fist time
Types of location update
Paging
Challenges
Poor signal
No network coverage
MS status
Paging:
Call Process
Mobile Originating Call MOC
1. Channel Request: The MS requests for the allocation of a dedicated signaling channel to perform the call setup.
2. After allocation of a signaling channel the request for MOC call setup, included the TMSI (IMSI) and the last LAI,
is forwarded to the VLR
3. The VLR requests the AC via HLR for Triples (if necessary).
4. The VLR initiates Authentication, Cipher start, IMEI check (optional) and TMSI Re-allocation (optional).
5. If all this procedures have been successful, MS sends the Setup information (number of requested subscriber and
detailed service description) to the MSC.
6. The MSC requests the VLR to check from the subscriber data whether the requested service an number can be
handled (or if there are restrictions which do not allow further proceeding of the call setup)
7. If the VLR indicates that the call should be proceeded, the MSC commands the BSC to assign a Traffic Channel (i.e.
resources for speech data transmission) to the MS
8. The BSC assigns a Traffic Channel TCH to the MS
9. The MSC sets up the connection to requested number (called party).
Remark: This MOC as well as the MTC described in the following describes only the principles of an MOC / MTC,
not the detailed signaling flow.
GPRS
GPRS
The main new network architecture entities that are needed are:
SGSN: GPRS Support Node - this forms a gateway to the services within the network.
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node which forms the gateway to the outside world.
PCU: Packet Control Unit which differentiates whether data is to be routed to the packet switched or
circuit switched networks.
VGS_ Valua Groth Service
SGSN
The SGSN or Serving GPRS Support Node element of the GPRS network provides a number of takes
focused on the IP elements of the overall system. It provides a variety of services to the mobiles:
Packet routing and transfer
Mobility management
Attach/detach
Logical link management
Authentication
Charging data
There is a location register within the SGSN and this stores location information (e.g., current cell, current
VLR). It also stores the user profiles (e.g., IMSI, packet addresses used) for all the GPRS users registered
with the particular SGSN.
GPRS
GGSN
The GGSN, Gateway GPRS Support Node is one of the most important entities within the
GPRS network architecture.
The GGSN organizes the interworking between the GPRS network and external packet
switched networks to which the mobiles may be connected. These may include both Internet
The GGSN can be considered to be a combination of a gateway, router and firewall as it hides
the internal network to the outside. In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to
a specific user, it checks if the user is active, then forwarding the data. In the opposite
direction, packet data from the mobile is routed to the right destination network by the
GGSN.
PCU
The PCU or Packet Control Unit is a hardware router that is added to the BSC. It differentiates
data destined for the standard GSM network (circuit switched data) and data destined for the
GPRS network (Packet Switched Data). The PCU itself may be a separate physical entity, or
more often these days it is incorporated into the base station controller, BSC, thereby saving
additional hardware costs.
GPRS ATTACHED
In order for the GPRS MS to receive or transmit data the end user needs to perform a two-step procedure,
GPRS attach and PDP context activation
GPRS attach means that the mobile phone is registered to a GPRS network. GPRS attach is also allowing
mobility i.e. the network is keeping track of the mobile movements. In addition, the mobile is
authenticated and ciphering is enabled
At GPRS attach a logical link is established between MS and SGSN, the GPRS attachment procedure
When a MS is turned on, the first function it performs is a GPRS attach
GSM access authentication (towards Home Network, HLR (Authentication Center))
User profile is downloaded from HLR to the serving SGSN
When the GPRS attach is complete, the MS is physically connected to the visited network
GPRS
Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation
The MS sends an Activate PDP Context Request (PDP Type, PDP Address, Access
Point Name, QoS Requested, PDP Configuration Options) to the SGSN, to indicate
whether the MS will use a static or a dynamic PDP addresses. The SGSN checks the
user subscription.
The GGSN returns an Activate PDP Context Accept to the MS. After the PDP context
activation, a connection between the MS and the external data network is
established. The SGSN is ready to route and charge for packets delivered (GGSN<>MS).
Um between an MS and the GPRS fixed network part. The Um is the access interface the MS uses to
access the GPRS network. The radio interface to the BTS is the same interface used by the existing GSM
network with some GPRS specific changes.
Gb between a SGSN and a BSS. The Gb interface carries the GPRS traffic and signalling between the GSM
radio network (BSS) and the GPRS network. Frame Relay based network services is used for this interface
Gr between an SGSN and the HLR. The Gr gives the SGSN access to subscriber information in the HLR. The
HLR can be located in a different PLMN than the SGSN (MAP).
Ga between the GSNs and the CG inside the same PLMN. The Ga provides a data and signalling interface.
This interface is used for sending the charging data records generated by GSNs to the CG. The protocol
used is GTP', an enhanced version of GTP.
Gs between a SGSN and a MSC. The SGSN can send location data to the MSC or receive paging requests
from the MSC via this optional interface. The Gs interface will greatly improve the effectiveness of the
radio and network resources in the combined GSM/GPRS network. This interface uses BSSAP+ protocol.
Gd between the SMS-GMSC and an SGSN, and between SMS-IWMSC and an SGSN. The Gd interface is
available for more efficient use of the SMS services (MAP).
Gf between an SGSN and the EIR. The Gf gives the SGSN access to GPRS user equipment information. The
EIR maintains three different lists of mobile equipment: black list for stolen mobiles, grey list for mobiles
under observation and white list for other mobiles (MAP).
Gc between the GGSN and the HLR. The GGSN may request the location of an MS via this optional
interface. The interface can be used if the GGSN needs to forward packets to an MS that is not active.
Gi between a GGSN and an external network. The GPRS network is connected to an external data
networks via this interface.
system will support a variety of data networks. Because of that, the Gi is not a standard interface, but
merely a reference point.
VAS
SMS
VAS
VAS
Call flow
MS_ MSC__HLR CRBT system
USSD
We have two USSD gateway
Huawei
Cornastone