Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Slide 1
Qualitative Forecasts
Survey Techniques
Planned Plant and Equipment Spending
Expected Sales and Inventory Changes
Consumers Expenditure Plans
Opinion Polls
Business Executives
Sales Force
Consumer Intentions
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Slide 2
Time-Series Analysis
Secular Trend
Long-Run Increase or Decrease in Data
Cyclical Fluctuations
Long-Run Cycles of Expansion and
Contraction
Seasonal Variation
Regularly Occurring Fluctuations
Slide 3
Slide 4
Trend Projection
Linear Trend:
St = S0 + b t
b = Growth per time period
Constant Growth Rate
St = S0 (1 + g)t
g = Growth rate
Estimation of Growth Rate
lnSt = lnS0 + t ln(1 + g)
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Slide 5
Seasonal Variation
Ratio to Trend Method
Actual
Ratio =
Trend Forecast
Seasonal
Average of Ratios for
=
Adjustment
Each Seasonal Period
Adjusted
Forecast
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Trend
= Forecast
Seasonal
Adjustment
Slide 6
Seasonal Variation
Ratio to Trend Method:
Example Calculation for Quarter 1
Trend Forecast for 1996.1 = 11.90 + (0.394)(17) = 18.60
Seasonally Adjusted Forecast for 1996.1 = (18.60)(0.8869) = 16.50
Year
1992.1
1993.1
1994.1
1995.1
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Trend
Forecast
Actual
12.29
11.00
13.87
12.00
15.45
14.00
17.02
15.00
Seasonal Adjustment =
Ratio
0.8950
0.8652
0.9061
0.8813
0.8869
Slide 7
Ft
i 1
At i
w
Slide 8
Exponential Smoothing
Forecasts
Forecast is the weighted average of of
the forecast and the actual value from
the prior period.
Ft 1 wAt (1 w) Ft
0 w 1
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
Slide 9
RMSE
(A F )
t
Slide 10
Barometric Methods
Slide 11
Econometric Models
Single Equation Model of the
Demand For Cereal (Good X)
QX = a0 + a1PX + a2Y + a3N + a4PS + a5PC + a6A + e
QX = Quantity of X
PS = Price of Muffins
PX = Price of Good X
PC = Price of Milk
Y = Consumer Income
A = Advertising
N = Size of Population
e = Random Error
Slide 12
Econometric Models
Multiple Equation Model of GNP
Ct a1 b1GNPt u1t
I t a2 b2 t 1 u2t
GNPt Ct I t Gt
GNPt
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D.
1 b1
b1
1 b1
Slide 13
Input-Output Forecasting
Three-Sector Input-Output Flow Table
Producing Industry
Supplying
Industry
A
B
C
Value Added
Total
A
20
80
40
60
200
B
60
90
30
120
300
C
30
20
10
40
100
Final
Demand
90
110
20
Total
200
300
100
220
220
Slide 14
Input-Output Forecasting
Direct Requirements Matrix
Direct
Requirements
Input Requirements
Column Total
Producing Industry
Supplying
Industry
A
B
C
A
0.1
0.4
0.2
B
0.2
0.3
0.1
C
0.3
0.2
0.1
Slide 15
Input-Output Forecasting
Total Requirements Matrix
Producing Industry
Supplying
Industry
A
B
C
A
1.47
0.96
0.43
B
0.51
1.81
0.31
C
0.60
0.72
1.33
Slide 16
Input-Output Forecasting
Total
Requirements
Matrix
1.47
0.96
0.43
0.51
1.81
0.31
0.60
0.72
1.33
Final
Total
Demand Demand
Vector
Vector
90
110
20
200
300
100
Slide 17
Input-Output Forecasting
Revised Input-Output Flow Table
Producing Industry
Supplying
Industry
A
B
C
A
22
88
43
B
62
93
31
C
31
21
10
Final
Demand
100
110
20
Total
215
310
104
Slide 18