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370468
Transportation Engineering
Intersection
Control and Design
Jessica Guo
CharlesProfessor
Adams
Learning Objectives
To distinguish different types of
intersections
To define design objectives and
considerations
To distinguish different types of control
devices and their purposes
To define and calculate fundamental
elements of a traffic signal timing system
(Chapter 8, p.287-303)
Intersections
Why are they important?
Types:
At-grade intersections
Interchanges
Grade separation
At-grade Intersections
At-grade: same level
Interchanges
utilize grade separation
Additional illustrations at
http://www.kurumi.com/roads/interchanges/index.html
Intersection Design
Reduce conflicts between road users
Improve efficiency and safety
Consider
Human factors
Traffic
Geometrics
Economics
Conflicts
Four-leg intersection
Staggered-T intersection
Hidden Vehicle
Signs
Convey information through their shape,
color, message, and placement
Channelization
Separate or regulate conflicting
movements
Define paths of travel
Use traffic islands or pavement markings
Channelization
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersections/roundaboutsummit/rndabtatt5.htm
Uncontrolled Intersections
Sufficient stopping sight distance is crucial
Is sufficient stopping sight
distance provided?
Traffic Signals
Purposes
Improve overall safety
Decrease average travel time and increase
capacity through an intersection
Equalize the quality of service for all or most
traffic streams
A Bit of History
While other inventors are reported to have
experimented with and even marketed their own
three-position traffic signals, Garrett A. Morgan
was the first to apply for and acquire a U.S.
patent for such a device. The patent was
granted on November 20, 1923. Morgan later
had the technology patented in Great Britain and
Canada as well.
The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole
unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and
an all-directional stop position. The third position
halted traffic in all directions before it allowed
travel to resume on either of the intersection's
perpendicular roads. This feature not only made
it safer for motorists to pass through
intersections, but also allowed pedestrians to
cross more safely.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/education/gamorgan.htm
Three-phase signal
Four-phase signal
Street A
Street B
All-red
Intergreen
Intergreen Period
Allow each vehicle to stop prior to
entering the intersection or to pass
through without stopping
Stop Zone
v0
S t r v0
2a
Intergreen Period
Allow each vehicle to stop prior to
entering the intersection or to pass
through without stopping
Go Zone
G v0 I W L
Intergreen Period
To Eliminate dilemma zone:
2
v0
0
D S G v0 I W L t r v0
2
a
v0 W L
I tr
2a
v0
Dilemma Zone
G
S
Practice Problem
Given the following information pertaining an
intersection and its signal timing:
Intergreen time of 6 sec
Intersection width of 60ft
Level grade with coefficient of friction of 0.5
Does a dilemma zone exist for a 18ft-long
vehicle approaching at 50mph? Assume a
perception-reaction time of 1sec
Semi-actuated (traffic-adjusted)
Predefined timing schemes selected based on
traffic flow information
Actuated
Varied length and/or sequence of signal
indications
React to arrivals of vehicles/pedestrians
Isolated or coordinated
Infrared