Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
MEEN 5330
CONTINUUM MECHANICS
NOV, 14 2005
1
INTRODUCTION
One of the main difficulties in solving elasticity problems is that we are
required to calculate a vector field or if we are solving for stress we need to
calculate a tensor field. This requires to solve at least three, possibly six
partial differential equations.
A promising approach is to find a way to reduce the coupled partial
differential equations to a single partial differential equations for scalar
valued function, which is then used later to deduce the stresses and strains.
This cant be done by 3D, but the Airy stress function is one way to do this
for a plane stress or strain problem[1].
Elasticity Definition
An elastic body is defined as one which regains its original dimensions
after the forces acting on it are removed.
Elasticity of a substance depends on the material possessing linear stress
and strain relations. The range of stress and strain for which the behavior is
linearly elastic will be known as elastic range.
Stress in a plane
Since moment equilibrium of the differential element show that the shear
stresses on the perpendicular faces are equal, the 2D of stresses is
characterized by three in depended stress components( x , y , xy).
5
31 32
33
Strain
Stain is the deformation of a body when force or load is applied on it. It can be
measured by calculating the change in length of a line. The change in length of a
line is termed the stretch and may be given by
l0
where
(eq-1)
strain tensor
The strain tensor [ ] is a symmetric used to quantify the strain of an object
undergoing a 3-dimensional deformation.
The diagonal coefficients are the relative change in length in the direction of the ii
direction (along the -axis). The other terms ij (i j ) are the variation of the right
angle (assuming a cube before deformation).
Hookes Law
FL
L
AE
(eq-2)
where L is Length
A is Area
The law holds up to a limit, called elastic limit or limit of elasticity, after
which the metal will enter a condition of a yield and the substance will
suffer plastic deformation up to the plastic limit or limit of plasticity, after
which it will eventually break if the force is further increased .
10
1 ui u j
lij
2 x j xi
1 v
v
lij
ij kk ij
E
E
ij
x j
Fi 0
(eq-4)
(eq-5)
(eq-6)
11 12
F1 0
x1
x1
12 22
F2 0
x1
x2
eq-7 & 8
2 2
2
2
F2 0
2
F1 0;
2
2
x1 x1x x2 x1
x1 x2
x2 x1x2
eq-9 & 10
12
2
0
2
2
x j
xi
xi x j
(eq-11)
The last two of these equations are satisfied automatically by any plane
strain or plane stress field. We substitute into the first equation in terms of
stress to see that
2
1 v 2 11 2 22 v
2
1 v 2 12
(1 v) 2 2 ( 11 22 ) 2
0
2
2
E x2
x1 E
E x1x2
x1 x2
(eq-12)
13
4 2 4 2
v
2 2 2
4
2 4
(1 v) 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 0
4
x
1
x
x2 x2 x1
x1 x2
1
x1 x2 1 x2
(eq-13)
A few more algebra reduces this to which is the result we were looking
for
4
4
4
1 v 2 2 2
2 2 0
2 2 2 4
4
2
x1
x1 x2 x1 1 v 2v x1
x2
(eq-14)
14
4 4 2 2 2 4 0
x1
x1 x2 x1
(eq-15)
Choose
so that it also satisfies the following traction boundary conditions
on the surface of the solid
2
2
n
n2 t1
2 1
x2
x1x2
2
2
n
n1 t2
2 2
x1
x1x2
15
11 2
x2
2
22
2
2
x1
12 21
x1x2
If the strains are needed, they may be computed using the elastic stressstrain
relations. If the displacement field is needed, it may be computed by integrating
the strains.
16
x1
F2
x 2
18
References
[1] Pie Chi Chou and Nicholas J.Pagano, Elasticity Tensor, dyadic, and
engineering Approaches, New York, Dover publications, Inc., 1992.
[2] Timoshenko and Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, New York, McGrawHill, 1970
[3] Adel S. Saada, Elasticity Theory and applications, Florida, Krieger
Publication Company, 1993.
[4] George E. Mase, Theory and problems of Continuum Mechanics, New
york,Schaums outline series of McGraw- Hill, 1970.
[5] Daniel Frederick and Tien Sun Chang, Continuum Mechanics, Bostan,
Allyn And Beacon, Inc. 1965.
[6] www.engin.brown.edu/courses/en175/notes/airy/airy.htm
19