Biology of Microorganism

Part I: Medical Microbiology

Part II: Medical Parasitology

Medical Microbiology

Introduction
Microorganisms(Microbes)
Microbiology
Medical

Microbiology

OBJECTIVES:
Understand the impacts of microbes
on human health
Cite the helpful effect of microbes to
other organisms
Give the role of microbes in the
Environment
Identify the significance of microbes
around us
Trace the history of Microbiology and
Discovery

Man and Microorganisms

Microbes have a large impact on
human health

Microbes have a large impact

on human health
In 1900, infant mortality rate in was
near to 50%
In 1930, microbes were considered to
be the major cause of death in human
The use of antibiotic, vaccines and
better water sanitation reduced the
impact of pathogenic microbes in
developed countries and social
concern

Microbes have a large impact

on human health
In an areas where nutrition and
sanitation are poor, disease such as
AIDS is even more dangerous
Influenza and Pneumonia are the
leading cause of death for elderly
Common cold causes illness for
almost everyone
Most diseases are viral

Microbes have a large impact

on human health
Ulcer long thought to be caused by
stress and poor diet but actually
caused by Helicobacter pylori
Some pathogenic microbes have been
controlled using antibiotic
ex. Tuberculosis decline until the mid
80s
Staphylococcus aureus

MICROBES ARE OFTEN

HELPFUL NOT HARMFUL

Microbes are often Helpful NOT

Harmful
Only small faction of microbes are
involve in disease
The harmless microbes live in our
intestine and our skin
The microbial community in humans
not only protect us from diseases but
also provide needed vitamins such as
B12

Microbes are often Helpful NOT

Harmful
Human health and nutrition depends
on healthy farm animals
Without the assistance of the
microbes, ruminant animals would not
be able to digest the food they eat

Microbes are often Helpful NOT

Harmful
Commercial crops are central to
human prosperity
Entire group of plants ( legumes)
forms a cooperative relationship with
certain bacteria
Microbes produce valuable products
such as cheese, yogurt, beer, wine
and organic acid

MICROBES HAVE
PROFOUND EFFECTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT

Microbes have profound effects

on the environment
Vast majority of life on this planet is
microscopic
Less than 2% of microbes can be
grown in the laboratory
Microbes are the major actors in the
synthesis

Cyanobacteria and algae ( photosynthesis

on Earth)
Cyanobacteria use CO2 to synthesize all
biological molecules

Microbes have profound effects

on the environment
Methanogen (methane-producing
bacteria)
Microbes may find utility in the direct
production of energy
Ex. Methane produce by methanogens to
power turbines that produce electricity
Ex. Biofuel added in gasoline to
decrease pollution
Ex. Bacteria in cleaning up the
environment containaing polychlorinated
biphenyls ( PCBs)

STUDYING MICROBES
HELPS US TO
UNDERSTAND THE WORLD
AROUND US

Studying Microbes helps us to

understand the World around us
Microorganism

used in research
have useful properties such as:
Growing in simple, cheap medium
and rise to large population in a
matter of 24 hours
Genomic material is easy to isolate

Studying Microbes helps us to

understand the World around us
Microorganism unlocks secret to life
The molecular basis of heredity
helped us learn almost all organisms
Understanding microbial activity
shape our modern world such as the
use of human protein like insulin and
human growth hormone using in vitro
genetic engineering

Studying Microbes helps us to

understand the World around us
Many drugs to treat infection disease
originate from bacteria and fungi
Enzymes purified from bacterial
strains are useful as tool to perform
many types of analyses

Classification of
Microorganisms

What is Microorganisms
Microorganisms are creatures that are not
directly visible to the unaided eye, with
dramatical biologic diversity.
Viruses , bacteria, fungi, protozoa and
some algae are all in this category
All with the exception of plants and
animals

Distribution of microorganisms
Air
Soil
Water
Animals
Human body

100m
300m
1400m

2100m
3150m
4050m
6000m

Microorganisms and Human Beings

Beneficial activities: Most microbes are

of benefit to human beings, some are
necessary( nitrogen, carbon cycles, etc)
Harmful activities: A portion of microbes
cause diseases and are poisonous to
human, and these are really that
concern us in the study of medical
microbiology, etc.

Microbiology

Microbiology is the biology of

microorganisms. It is a bioscience for
the study of the evolution,
Classification , morphology, physiology,
genetics, ecology of microbes under
certain definite conditions, The law of
their life activities, and their interaction
with human being, animals or plants
as well as with natural environment.

The Importance of
Microbiology
Environment
Medicine
Food
Industry
Biotechnology
Research

History of Microbiology

Experience phase

Experimental phase

Modern phase

Experience phase

Experimental phase
Leeuwenhoek
Pastur
Koch
Lister

Kochs postulates
The microbe must be found in the body in
all cases of the disease
It must be isolated from a case and
grown in a series of pure culture in vitro
It reproduce the disease on the
inoculation of a late pure culture into a
susceptible animal
The microbe must be isolated again into
pure culture from such experimentally
caused infection.

1910

Modern phase

Fei-Fan Tang

Emerging and
Reemerging
Infectious
Disease
AIDS
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis
Gastric
ulcer
SRAS

Medical Microbiology

The medical microbiology is one of the

essential basic sciences for medine. It is the
study of Biological characteristics of
microorganisms and their relationships with
human
hosts Bacteriology
Medical
Medical Viriology
Medical Mycology

Parasitology
Immunology

EARLY ADVANCES THAT

HELPED DEVELOP
PRACTICE IN
MICROBIOLOGY

Year

Event

1664

Robert Hooke first to use a

microscope to describe the structure
of mold. He also coined the term
cell when using a microscope to
look at cork.

1673

Anton van Leeuwenhoek first to

describe microbes in details

1872

Ferdinand Julius Cohn publishes

paper on bacteria and the cycling
elements. It is an early classification
scheme that uses Bacillus

1872

Oscar Brefeld reports the growth of

fungal colonies from single spores
on geletin and botanist Jospeh
Schroeter grows pigmented
bacterial colonies on slices of potato

Year

Event

1877

Robert Koch develops methods for

staining bacteria, photgraphing and
preparing permanent visual records
on slides

1881

Koch develops solid culture medi

and the methods for obtaining pure
cultures of bacteria

1882

Angelina fannie and Walther Hesse

in Kochs laboratory develop the use
of agar as a support medium for
solid culture

1884

Hans Christian Gram develops a

dye system for identifying bacteria (
the Gram

1887

First report of the Petri Plate by

Julius R. Petri

DISCOVERY OF THE
CAUSE OF DISEASE

Year

Event

1854

Dr. John Snow studies cholera

outbreak in the Soho neighborhood
in London and determines it was
caused by the contaminated water
at the Broad Street pump

1873

Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen

discovers the leprosy bacillus (
Mycobacterium leprae). In many
countries leprosy is called Hansens
disease in his honor

1892

Dmitri Ivanowski publishes the first

evidence of the filterability of a
pathogenic agent, the virus of
tobacco mosaic disease

Year

Event

1899

Martinus Beijerinck coins the term

contagium vivum fluidum contangious
living fluid

1899

Friederick Loeffler and Paul Frosch

discover that foot and mouth disease is
also caused by filterable agent.

1915-1917

Frederick Twort and Felix dHerele

discover bacterial viruses

1918

In the fall of 1918, as World War I was

ending, an influenza pandemic of
unprecedented virulence swept the
globe leaving some 40 million dead in its
wake. The first isolation of an influenza
virus by 1930.

1957

D. Carleton Gajdusek proposes a slow

virus which is caused by slow viruses(
prions) including mad cow disease

Purpose for learning of Medical Microbiology

Textbook

Medical Microbiology

http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/passw/micro2/index.asp

Edited by: AP Glen Mangali

Source:
Xiao-Kui GUO(
Dept. of medical Microbiology and
Parasitology
E.mail: xkguo@shsmu.edu.cn