Water Planning and Management

Course Code : WSW 151

Course Coordinator : Ms. Ranjana Chaudhuri

Presenter : Priyank and Rajesh

Challenges in the Tapi

River Basin
A case for shift from Development Phase Planning
to
Strategic Planning

Flow of the Presentation

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Tapi River Basin

Current Status and Challenges
Concepts and Principles
Tapi River and Urbanization
Tapi 2050 Strategic Planning

Tapi River Basin

Basin Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/TapI.htm

Drainage Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/Tapi/tapi_drainage.jpg

Groundwater Depth Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_ground_water.jpg

Land-use Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_landuse.jpg

Slope Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_slope.jpg

Hydrological Soil Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_soil.jpg

Kharif Crop Pattern Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_kharif.jpg

Rabi Crop Pattern Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_rabi.jpg

District Boundary Map

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi/tapi_district.jpg

Description

Northern-most basin of the Deccan Plateau

River rises near Multai in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh
at an elevation of about 752m and flows for about 724 km
before outfalling into the Arabian sea through the Gulf of
Cambay.
Region
Northern boundary Satpura range
Southern boundary Ajanta and Satmala range
Eastern boundary Mahadeo hills
State

Region

Drainage Area

Percentage of total

Madhya Pradesh

Nimar

9,804 sq. km

15.0

Maharashtra

Kandesh and East

Vidarbha

51,504 sq. km

79.1

Gujarat

South Gujarat

3,837 sq. km

5.9

65,145 sq. km

100

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htm
http://www.cwc.nic.in/regional/gandhinagar/welcome.html

River Basin
Divided in three sub-basins
Sub-basin

Region

Drainage
Area

Annual
Rainfall

Number of
Watershed

Upper Tapi
Basin

Up to Hathnur

29,430 sq.
km

935.55 mm

26

Middle Tapi
Basin

From Hathnur to
Gidhade gauging
site

25320 sq.
km

631.5 mm

28

Lower Tapi
Basin

Gidhade gauging
site up to sea

10.395 sq.
km

1,042.33
mm

Water Potential and Utiization

Surface Water

14.88 km^3

Ground Water

8.27 km^3 (replenishable)

http://cgwb.gov.in/watershed/list-ws.html
http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htm

River Basin
Tributaries (having length more than 50 km)
On right bank Vaki, Gomai, Arunavati and Aner
On left bank Nesu, Amaravati, Buray, Panjhra, Bori, Girna, Waghur, Purna,
Mona, Sipna

Hilly Region - Satpuras, Satmalas, Mahadeo, Ajanta and the

Gawilgarh hills are well forested
Plains - Khandesh areas consists of black soils
Coastal plains of Gujarat consisting of alluvial clays with a
layer of black soil on the surface

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/tapi_about.htm
http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tapi

Current Status and Challenges

Water sharing agreement

Signed 12th January 1986
Madhya Pradesh

70 TMC

Maharashtra

191.4 TMC

Total

261.4 TMC

At 75% dependability
Reserved upstream of Ukai project

http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/images/2/2e/56.pdf

Water Demand Projection

Total of surface water and ground water resources = 22.7
km^3
Domestic

1.1

Irrigation

3.89

Return Flow

1.27

Net for Dam and Irrigation

3.72

Balance (Industrial and other uses,

2010, 2025, 2050)

19.05; 17.86; 16.96

Population = 20.5 million ; per capita water availability = 744

m^3 per year (2010)
http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/2011/Chp-1-A-River-Basin-Perspective-ofWater-Resources-and-C.pdf

Major and Medium Projects

http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/Tapi/tapi_project.jpg

Focus Area Lower Tapi Basin

Basic Details
Districts

Surat and Bharuch

Area and Length

2920 sq. km; 129 km

Industries

Textile, Chemical, Diamond

Projects
Name

River

Status

Capacity (MCM)

Utilization

Ukai

Tapi

Major

8510 (gross)

7092 (live)

Irrigation and
Power

Kakrapar

Tapi

Major

51.51

36.51

Irrigation and
Water Supply

Lakhiga

Dhakani

Medium

38.80

37.41

Irrigation

Ver

Ver

Medium

4.90

4.61

Irrigation

Ukai dam & flood control

Reservoir 100 km upstream of Surat with a gross storage of 8511 MCM (1972)
Main objective when built : Irrigation, power generation and partial flood control
Surat city and villages around are part of flood drainage of Tapti River
7th August 2006 flood - Rs 22,000 cr. damages
Analysis of the dam operation and rainfall pattern in the catchment of the
reservoir makes it clear that this was a completely avoidable, man made mishap.
Due to lack of timely release of water by the Gujarat water resources dept, the
storage in the Ukai reservoir was allowed to go up beyond the levels it should
have, leading to sudden release of unmanageable quantities from Aug 7, for
prolonged periods.
Since this coincided with the days of high tide when the rivers drainage capacity
is further reduced, the floods brought catastrophic results
Dam authorities tend to keep high storages at dams like Ukai for maximization of
power generation

http://mddesai.com/Paper_2000_2010/6%20-%20IITBombay%20Paper%20%2016-11-06.pdf

Ukai dam & flood control

Actions to prevent future floods
Complete construction of river embankment Pala yojana
scheme inaugurated in 1971
Maintain flood plain & improve drainage (storm water) of
Surat city
Prevention of coastal erosion
Improved forecasting & flood warning to downstream
Authority to decide against conservation or power needs of
water as well as control all parameters influencing drainage
of flood of river valley

http://mddesai.com/Paper_2000_2010/6%20-%20IITBombay%20Paper%20%2016-11-06.pdf

Focus Area Lower Tapi Basin

Tidal influence is up to 25 km
Appreciable morphological changes have not been observed
in the bank line
Water Quality
Sub-basin

Desired

Status

Upper Tapi

B,Totcoli

Middle Tapi

D, BOD, Totcoli

Lower Tapi

D, BOD

*A-River water fit for drinking after disinfection; B-fit for bathing; C-fit for drinking only after proper treatment; D-fit for
fish wild life; E-suitable only for industrial and irrigation

HCO3 Cl

SO4

SiO2

Ca

Mg

Na

TDS

150

16

19

22

48

322

65

*Average Chemical Composition (ppm)

http://www.academia.edu/4772160/WATER_QUALITY_AND_POLLUTION_STATUS_OF
_TAPI_RIVER_GUJARAT_INDIA; www.edugreen.teri.res.in

Par-Tapi Narmada Link -Interlinking

Transfer of surplus water from west flowing rivers between Par
and Tapi to water deficit areas in North Gujarat
Link project consists of 7 proposed reservoirs on the rivers
between Par and Tapi and a 395 km long link canal (including
33 km length of the feeders) connecting these reservoirs to
carry water to their target command areas north of Narmada
Benefits - Irrigation & Power generation
7 proposed reservoirs to provide a total of 1350 Mm3 of water
The estimated annual energy to be generated from these power
houses is of the order of 93 Mkwh
http://nwda.gov.in/searchdetail.asp?lid=131&skey=tapi&langid=1

Challenges
Inter-state cooperation over sharing of Tapi river water
Manifold increase in demand due to population growth,
economic growth, infrastructure development, increase in
crop production (irrigation), industrial growth and
urbanization
Influence of sea water and floods in the lower Tapi basin
Pollution due to urban sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff
Conservation, environmental flow and groundwater recharge

Concepts and Principles

Concepts and Principles

Shift from traditional centralized infrastructure towards
integrated water management
Fit-for-purpose hybrid solutions
Best practices in water systems and sanitary engineering
Sustainable development considering social, political, climatic
and environmental factors
Demand management and urban development
Multilevel governance and participatory planning
Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis

Concepts and Principles

Legislations, regulations, institutions, self-governance,
participation
Dublins Principles
Private and Public partnership
Water quality standards and health risk
Human right to water
Water-energy nexus and food security

Tapi River and Urbanization

Source: Presentation by Mr. Jatin Shah, City Engineer,
Surat Municipal Corporation Preparing for the Urban
Challenges of the 21st Century

Surat City Water Supply Status

Area

326.51 sq. km

Population (2011)

44.7 lakh (8th most populated city)

Municipality and Village Panchayats

8 & 27

Source of Water

Tapi River

Population covered under piped network

94% (out of 47 lakh, present population)

Installed capacity of intake wells

1146 MLD

Installed capacity of water works

1178 MLD

Gross daily average water supply

840 MLD

Average per capita water supply per day

140 MLD

Storage capacity of all WDS and WW

653 MLD

Approximate length of water supply

pipelines

2750 km

Water Supply Master Plan

Projected Water Demand
Year

2026

2041

Population

87.84 lac

123.04 lac

Projected Water Demand

1682.63 MLD

2331.67 MLD

Water Supply Infrastructure

Water Supply Components

2013

Ongoing (2013)

Ultimate
Capacity 2041

Cumulative Capacity Increase

Intake wells (in MLD)

1463

2033

2425

WTP (in MLD)

1178

1468

1678

UGSR Capacity (in ML)

624.7

680.9

726.7

ESR Capacity (in ML)

28.6

70.9

124.3

Distribution Network (in km)

2750

3100

3400

Surat City Sewerage System

Year

2014

Coverage

204 sq. km (100% of present habitat

area)

Length of sewer network

~1600 km

Sewage pumping stations

58 No. (1949.98 MLD)

Sewage treatment plants

12 No. (992.50 MLD)

Location of STP Anjana, Bhesan, Bhatar, Karanj,

Singanpore, Bamroli, Asharma, Khajod, Variav-Kosad,
Dindoli

Weirs.

Singanpur (1995)
Constructed due to reduction in river flow, siltation around
infiltration & collection wells
Provides a standing pool of freshwater
Prevents the ingress of tidal water and drifting silt entering
infiltration well area during the high tides

Proposed weir in downstream

Recharge rainwater to saline GWL of flood plain
Provide source of raw water for no-source villages of Choryasi
Taluka and Hazira industries
Rubber dam is a type of hydraulic structure made of rubberized
high strength fabric, which forms a rubber bag. The barrage will
be filled with air, so that it can be inflated or deflated as per
requirement

Urban Challenges & Water Supply

Efficient water supply management
Quality Adherence and adequate Supply
Conservation (RWH) and IEC activities
Optimum O&M cost reduce production cost; reduce energy consumption; loss
reduction/control - and 100% cost recovery
Service delivery in sustainable manner

Water quality monitoring

Location Generation, WDS, Consumer
Frequency Round the clock, Hourly, Shift-wise, Daily, Weekly, Quaterly, During supply
hours
Parameters pH, turbidity, TDS, free residual chlorine (FRC), DO, BOD, COD, color index,
alkalinity, taste, odor, nitrate, iron, fluoride, ammoniac nitrogen, chloride, chlorine
demand, all heavy metals and MPN index (17 parameters)
Stages Raw water, treated water, supply water, WDS water, consumer samples

Urban Challenges & Water Supply

Operation and maintenance practices
SCDA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
GRID system

Energy efficiency and savings measure

Energy audits

Re-engineering in water supply routes

Renewable energy and water supply

NRW reduction initiatives

Water audit
Flow measurement and metering

Water conservation
Recycling of domestic wastewater is important due to
limited ground water recharge potential as a result of
proximity to sea and saline aquifers

Urban Challenges & Sewerage System

STPs - Latest Technology
Cost effective implementation
Efficient O&M practices
Energy efficiency reforms
Sewage gas based power plants
Carbon Credit Clean Development Mechanism

SCADA and automation

PPP initiatives
Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP)
Waste Water Recycling Project

Salient Features
Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) apparently has financial
autonomy and long-term focus till 2045
Cost recovery and public awareness campaign towards it and
loss reduction
Best practices, benchmarking and utilization of latest
technology
Use of legislation regulations for mandatory RWH systems
and sewage tax
Energy efficient technologies, renewable energy sources,
power generation from waste
Private public partnership

Tapi 2050 : Strategic Planning

Understanding
Restoration and conservation should be decoupled
Conservation should essentially be a part of governance and
management
Dedicated data collection and analysis systems and
information sharing mechanisms should be designed
A basin level coordination agency should be constituted to
assist and advice the governing and managing bodies in
decision-making and execution
Employing latest technology is inevitable for management
and conservation but social and cultural aspect of water
should be given equal importance

Understanding
Intra-generational and inter-generational equity should
become the part of policy and planning at all stages of
governance
Strategic urban development, sustainable industrial growth
and agricultural reforms must be pursued and analyzed in
context of river basin health

Questions?