Objective

Rectangular dielectric resonator antennas is

designed to operate at higher-order modes
to achieve enhanced gain and increased directivity.

Introduction to Antennas
An Antenna is a device that is used to transmit
and/or receive electromagnetic waves.

Oscillating current and charge create

oscillating magnetic field & oscillating electric
field resp. which radiates EM waves at
transmitter side and reverse thing would be
happen at receiver side.

Dielectric Material

A dielectric material is an electrical

insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.
Dielectric Polarization arise in an Electric Field
positive charges displaced toward
the field & negative charges shift
in the opposite direction
due to which an internal electric
field creates that reduces the
overall field within the dielectric
itself.

Dielectric Resonator
Generally, DRA operates at microwave & millimeter
wave bands.At millimeter wave frequencies,
metal surfaces become lossy reflectors,
so dielectric resonators are used at these frequencies.
At resonant frequencies, the microwaves form standing
waves in the resonator,
oscillating with very large amplitudes. When a dielectric
resonator is not entirely enclosed by a conductive
boundary, it can radiate, and so it becomes an antenna. .
Similar to cavity resonators ,
except that the radio waves are reflected by the large
change in permittivity rather than by the conductivity
of metal.

Types of Dilectric Resonator Antenna

Rectangular DRA

Types of
DRA

Cylindrical

Hemispherical

Why Rectangular
DRA?

Provide
more
flexiblity
in terms
of BW

Thus the rectangular DRA can be made very compact

with a small footprint area, or very low profile, or
its bandwidth can be adjusted for a given material
permittivity.

This flexibility is further enhanced by the fact that a wide

variety of feed mechanisms can be used to excite the
rectangular DRA, making it amenable integration with
current technology.

Advantages of DRA
DRA size is proportional to

, hence size will reduce.

Compared with the microstrip antenna,

DRA has a much wider impedance bandwidth.

DRAs have a high dielectric strength and

hence higher power handling capacity

No inherent conductor loss for a DRA.

High radiation efficiency is thus possible in case of DR antennas

DRA Design

Stacking of DRA

Stacking DRAs on top of each other has been primarily used as a

method to increase impedance bandwidth.
stacking can also improve the directivity of the DRA with
enhancements of up to about 3 dB above that of a single DRA. .

But these techniques require a

significant increase in surface area,
which may not be available for applications such as portable
wireless communications devices.

We have used Aperture slot fed by microstrip line:

Aperture slot: advantage of having the feed network

located below the ground plane, Isolate the radiating
aperture from any unwanted
coupling or spurious radiation from the feed.

Microstrip line: offer a degree of impedance

matching not available with coaxial lines or
waveguides

=> Infinite number of resonant modes.

The excited modes for rectangular DRA can be classified into three
distinct types: TE, TM, and hybrid.
=>The TE, TM, and hybrid modes are classified as TEmnp, TMmnp and
HEmnp respectively.

The index m denotes the number of half waves in x direction.

The index n denotes the number of half waves in y direction.
The index p denotes the order of variation of the fields along
the z-direction.

When the DRA is mounted on a ground plane, the even modes in the zdirection (i.e., n = 2N, N = 1, 2, 3...) will be short-circuited, and only the
odd modes (n = 2N+1) can exist.
The modes with (m > 1, n = 1) are not of interest, since they produce a
broadside null in the radiation pattern.

 DRAs were simulated to resonate in the modes, henceforth

referred to as TE11 , TE13 and TE15 modes, henceforth
referred to as (m,n) =(1,1) , (1,3) and (1,5), respectively, all at
approximately 10.75 GHz.
Two degrees of freedom, there is no unique set of dimensions for
a given resonant frequency and dielectric constant.
r = 10 to maintain a reasonable impedance bandwidth. (Higher
dielectric constants would result in more compact designs but
with narrower bandwidth.)

HFSS (Simulation Software)

HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator.
It is used for simulating 3-D full wave electromagnetic fields such as it is
one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of
complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines.

HFSS (Simulation)

TE11

TE 13

TE15

Summary and Conclusion:

This model predicts that a rectangular DRA operating in a higher order

mode will radiate a more directive pattern. Simulations showed that a
rectangular DRA excited in the TE15 mode has a directivity of nearly
12 dB, compared to 6.4 dB of the lowest order mode.

Measured patterns from fabricated prototypes showed that gains of up

to 10.2 dBi were achieved for a DRA operating in the (m=1,n=5).
(advantage of this approach for enhancing gain compared to some of
the other cited techniques lies in the smaller area requirements).

Simulations show that exciting the (1,7) mode of a rectangular DRA

increases the directivity to 13.7 dBi. However, such a DRA designed at
11 GHz would require a height of 90 mm, which would probably find
very limited practical applications.

Thank you!