Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Learning Objectives
6-2
Learning Objectives
6-3
Introduction
Process selection
Deciding on the way production of goods or
services will be organized
Major implications
Capacity planning
Layout of facilities
Equipment
Design of work systems
6-4
Forecasting
Capacity
Planning
Product and
Service Design
Technological
Change
6-5
Facilities and
Equipment
Layout
Process
Selection
Work
Design
Process Strategy
Key aspects of process strategy
6-6
Process flexibility
Technology
Adjust to changes
Design
Volume
technology
Technology
Technology: The application of scientific
discoveries to the development and
improvement of products and services and
operations processes.
Technology innovation: The discovery and
development of new or improved products,
services, or processes for producing or
providing them.
6-7
Kinds of Technology
Operations management is primarily concerned
with three kinds of technology:
Product and service technology
Process technology
Information technology
Processing technology
Increasing productivity
Increasing quality
Lowering costs
6-9
Technology Acquisition
Technology can have benefits but
Technology risks include:
What technology will and will not do
Technical issues
Economic issues
6-10
Process Selection
Variety
Batch
How much
Flexibility
What degree
Volume
Job Shop
Repetitive
Expected output
Continuous
6-11
Process Types
Job shop
Small scale, low volume and high variety
Flexible, general purpose machines, high skill
Batch
Moderate volume
Repetitive/assembly line
High volumes of standardized goods or services
Continuous
Very high volumes of non-discrete goods
6-12
Volume
High
Process Type
Job Shop
Appliance
repair,
Emergency
room
Ineffective
Commercial
baking
Batch
Classroom
Lecture
Automotive
assembly
Repetitive
Automatic
carwash
Continuous
(flow)
Ineffective
Steel Production
Water purification
6-13
Job Shop
Batch
Repetitive
Continuous
Job variety
Very high
Moderate
Low
Very low
Process
flexibility
Very high
Moderate
Low
Very low
Unit cost
Very High
Moderate
Low
Very low
Volume of
output
Very low
Low
High
Very high
6-14
6-15
Automation
Automation: Machinery that has sensing and
control devices that enables it to operate
Fixed automation
Programmable automation
6-16
Automation
Computer-aided design and manufacturing
systems (CAD/CAM)
Numerically controlled (NC) machines
Robot
Manufacturing cell
Flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
6-17
Facilities Layout
Layout: the configuration of departments,
work centers, and equipment, with
particular emphasis on movement of work
(customers or materials) through the
system
Product layouts
Process layouts
Fixed-Position layout
Combination layouts
6-18
6-20
High Cost
Bottlenecks
Accidents
The introduction of new
products or services
Safety hazards
6-21
Changes in volume of
output or mix of
products
Morale problems
Changes in methods
and equipment
6-22
6-23
Process layout
6-24
Product Layout
Product Layout
(sequential)
Raw
materials
or customer
Material
and/or
labor
Station
1
Material
and/or
labor
Station
2
Material
and/or
labor
Station
3
Station
4
Material
and/or
labor
6-25
Finished
item
6-26
6-27
4
5
Workers
6
Out
6-28
10
Process Layout
Process Layout
(functional)
Dept. A
Dept. C
Dept. E
Dept. B
Dept. D
Dept. F
6-29
6-30
6-31
Cellular Layouts
Cellular Production
Group Technology
6-33
Functional
Cellular
Number of moves
between departments
many
few
Travel distances
longer
shorter
Travel paths
variable
fixed
greater
shorter
Throughput time
higher
lower
Amount of work in
process
higher
lower
Supervision difficulty
higher
lower
Scheduling complexity
higher
lower
Equipment utilization
lower
higher
6-34
Service Layouts
6-35
6-36
Cycle Time
6-37
6-38
OT
CT = cycle time =
D
N=
( t)
CT
t = sum of
6-39
task time
Precedence Diagram
Precedence diagram: Tool used in line balancing to display
elemental tasks and sequence requirements
0.1 min.
1.0 min.
b
c
0.7 min.
6-40
A Simple Precedence
Diagram
d
0.5 min.
e
0.2 min.
6-41
Example 1 Solution
Eligible
Revised
Assign Time
Task
Remaining
1.0
0.9
0.2
a, c
c
none
a
c
-
0.9
0.2
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
d
e
-
d
e
-
0.5
0.3
Time
Workstation Remaining
1
Station
Idle Time
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.5
6-42
6-43
6-44
Example 2
6-45
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.3
Solution to Example 2
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
e
f
6-46
Station 4
Bottleneck Workstation
1 min.
30/hr.
1 min.
Bottleneck
6-47
30/hr.
2 min.
30/hr.
1 min.
30/hr.
Parallel Workstations
30/hr.
1 min.
60/hr.
2 min.
30/hr.
1 min.
1 min.
30/hr.
2 min.
Parallel Workstations
6-48
30/hr.
60/hr.
6-49
A
6-50
170
100
Process Layout
Milling
Assembly
& Test
Grinding
Drilling
Plating
6-51
Functional Layout
222
444
Mill
111 333
111
333
6-52
Lathes
222
111
444
222
Drill
Grind
3333
1111 2222
Heat
treat
Assembly
111
Gear
cutting
111
444
Heat
treat
Gear
cut
-1111
222222222
Mill
Drill
Heat
treat
Grind - 2222
3333333333
Lathe
Mill
Heat
treat
Grind - 3333
Drill
Gear
cut
44444444444444
6-53
Drill
Mill
- 4444
Assembly
-1111
Lathe