Admission in India 2014

Admission in India 2014
By:
admission.edhole.com
Measurement of flow rate, friction Factor,

and velocity Profile in Pipe Flow
57:020 mechanics of Fluids and Transfer Processes
Experimental Laboratory #2
Purpose
Measure
Flow rate in a pipe (smooth)
Friction factor
Velocity profile
Specify the turbulent-flow Reynolds Number
Compare the results with benchmark data
Uncertainty analysis for:
Friction factor
Velocity profile
Test Design
The facility consists of:
Closed pipe network
Fan
Reservoir
Instruments used:
3 Venturi meters
Contraction Diameters (mm):
12.7
25.4
52.93
Flow Coefficient, K
0.915
0.937
0.935
Simple water Manometer

Differential Water manometer
Pitot Probe
Digital Micrometer (Accurate radial positioning)
Air Flow Pipe facility

Simple
manometer
Pitot tube
housings
Valve manifold
2.0 smooth
Reservoir
6-6
Motor
controller
Pressure
taps
Valves
1
0.5 smooth
2.0 rough
Relief
valves
Floor
Venturi meters
D t = 1.0
D t = 2.0
D t = 0.5
Blower
36
Venturi meter gate valves

Thermometer
Differential
manometer
Test Design
(Continue)
Reservoir:
Digital Micrometer:
To build up pressure and force the air to

flow downstream through any of the three
straight experiment pipes.
Allow the measurement of the position of the

Pitot probe at different locations along the
cross section of the pipe tested
Pitot Probe:
Venturi meters:
Located in the glass-wall box

Used to measure the Stagnation pressure
and calculate the velocity profile in pipe
Located on each pipe type

Used to measure flow rate Q along the
differential water manometer
Pressure Taps:
Manometers:
Located along each pipe, they are

connected to the simple water manometer to
evaluate the head measurement
They are used to calculate the friction
factor
To measure the head at each pressure Tap

along the pipe and to make the Pitot-tube
measurements (simple Manometer)
To measure head drops across the venturi
meters (differential Manometer)
Pressure tap manifold and Pitot-tube housing

Pressure tap manifold
Pitot-tube housing
Measurement Systems:
The equipment used in the experiment includes:
Digital thermometer with a range of 40 to 450 F and a smallest reading of
0.1 F for measurement of the environment temperature.
Digital micrometer with least significant digit 0.01 mm for positioning the
Pitot-tube inside the pipe.
Simple water manometer with a range of 2.5 ft and a least scale division of
0.001 ft for measurement of the head at each pressure tap along the pipes and
for measurement of velocities using the Pitot-tube arrangement .
Differential water manometer with a range 3 ft and a least scale division of
0.001ft for measurement of the head drop across the Venturi meters.
Measurement Systems
For the flow rate and friction
factor, the individual
measurement are performed
for:
Ambient air temperature (A.3)

Pipe air temperature (A.5)
Pipe pressure head
Venturi meter pressure head drop
(continue)
Data reduction equations are:
w f (Two )
air f (Tairo ) air f (Tairo )
Q KAt 2 gZ DM
The experimental Results are:
Manometer water density

Air density
Kinematic viscosity
Flow rate
Reynolds number
Friction factor
w
air
4Q
Re
D air
g 2 D5 w
f
Z SM i Z SM j
2
8LQ air
Measurement Systems
(continue)
For the velocity profile, the individual measurement systems are for:
the ambient temperature

pipe air temperature
pitot stagnation and static pressure heads.
The experimental results are for:
manometer water density (A.3)

Air density (A.5)
Velocity profile (below)
Data reduction equation:
(using the Bernoulli equation along the manometer equation)
2 g w
u (r )
Z SM stag (r ) Z SM static
a
Flow rate, Friction factor and velocity profile

measurement systems
Block diagram of the experimental
determination of the Friction
Block diagram of the Velocity

measurement
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES
TEMPERATURE
WATER
Tw
Ta
B T , PT
B T , PT
PIPE
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
AIR
Bz
z SM
, Pz
SM
SM
VENTURI
PRESSURE
Bz
z DM
, Pz
DM
DM
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
TEMPERATURE
WATER
TEMPERATURE
AIR
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
Tw
Ta
B T , PT
B T , PT
= F(T )
w
w
a = F(Ta )
Q = F(z DM )
f = F( , , z
w
SM
, Q) =
gD
8LQ
w
(z - z )
a SM i SM j
f
B f , Pf
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
z
Bz
SM
2( z
a
SM
,z
stag
SM
) =
stat
u
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
, Pz
stag
SM stag
= F(T )
w
w
= F(Ta )
u = F( , , z
STATIC
PRESSURE
STAGNATION
PRESSURE
Bu, Pu
Bz
SM
stag
-z
SM stag
SM stat
SM stat
SM
, Pz
stat
) g
w
SM
stat
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
Data Acquisition and reduction

The procedures for data acquisition and reduction are described as follow:
1.
Use the appropriate Venturi meter, (2 smooth pipe) measure the head
drop
2.
Take reading for ambient air (manometer water) and pipe air
temperatures.
3.
To obtain velocity data, measure in the appropriate Pitot-tube box, the
ambient head and stagnation heads across the full diameter. Measure the
stagnation heads at radial intervals. The recommended radial spacing for
one half of the diameter is 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 23, and 24 mm.
4.
Maintaining the discharge, measure the head along the pipe by means of
the simple water manometer connected to the pressure taps located along
the pipe being studied (10 times for uncertainty analysis)
5.
Repeat step 2
6.
Execute data reduction for data analysis and uncertainty analysis using
equation above
Uncertainty Analysis
The data reduction equation for the friction factor is:
f F ( g, D, L, Q, w , a , Z SMi , Z SM j )
However here we will only consider bias limits for ZSM i and ZSM j . The total
uncertainty for the friction is:
U 2f B 2f Pf2
The Bias Limit, Bf and the precision limit, Pf, for the result are given by:
B 2f i2 Bi2 Z2SMi BZ2SMi Z2SMj BZ2SM j

i 1
Pf
tS f
M
Uncertainty Analysis
(continue)
Data Reduction equation for the velocity profile is as follow:
f F ( g, w , a , ZSM stagnation, ZSM static )
U u2 Bu2 Pu2
j
B B
2
u
i 1
2
i
2
i
2
Z SM stagn
Pu
2
Z SMstagn
tSu
M
2
Z SM stat
2
Z SM stat
Moody Chart for pipe friction with smooth

and rough walls
Laminar
Flow
Critical
Zone
Transition
Zone
0.10
0.090
0.080
Complete Turbulence, Hydraulically Rough
(L/D)V /(2g)
hf
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
/ Re
= 64
Friction Factor f =
0.040
f
Fl o w
in a r
0.050
Lam
0.060
0.030
0.025
0.002
0.020
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
Hydraulically Smooth
0.015
0.0002
0.0001
k /D = 0.000005
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.00005
k /D = 0.000001
10
10
10
Reynolds Number, Re =
10
VD
0.00001
10
10
Relative Roughness,
k /D
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.070

Admission in India 2014

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Admission in India 2014

Measurement of flow rate, friction Factor,

Simple water Manometer

Air Flow Pipe facility

Venturi meter gate valves

To build up pressure and force the air to

Allow the measurement of the position of the

Located in the glass-wall box

Located on each pipe type

Located along each pipe, they are

To measure the head at each pressure Tap

Pressure tap manifold and Pitot-tube housing

Ambient air temperature (A.3)

Data reduction equations are:

The experimental Results are:

Manometer water density

the ambient temperature

The experimental results are for:

manometer water density (A.3)

Data reduction equation:

(using the Bernoulli equation along the manometer equation)

Flow rate, Friction factor and velocity profile

Block diagram of the Velocity

EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES

EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES

Data Acquisition and reduction

B 2f i2 Bi2 Z2SMi BZ2SMi Z2SMj BZ2SM j

Data Reduction equation for the velocity profile is as follow:

f F ( g, w , a , ZSM stagnation, ZSM static )

Moody Chart for pipe friction with smooth

Complete Turbulence, Hydraulically Rough

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