Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Fatigue Design
3.1 Kind of Fatigue Design
3.1 kind of fatigue design.
(1) Safe life design
3. Fatigue Design
3.2Fatigue Design of Bridge.
3.2 Fatigue Design of Bridge.
Actual stress (S) is function of next factor as follows:
S = f (S , K , K )
td
tw
Where ,
Sn : nominal stress(first stress) which is decided by area and section factor of member for load
Ktd : elastic stress concentration which is decided by geometric type of structural member
Ktw : elastic stress concentration which is dominated by welding(such as welding type, welding defect,
fabrication error, etc) and fabricating.
To prevent fatigue crack initiation, S have to control less than limit value.
If possible, Sn , and Ktd , Ktw should be reduced.
Structural Engineering Lab
3. Fatigue Design
3.2Fatigue Design of Bridge.
3.2.1 Allowable stress based on crack initiation life
In fatigue strength analysis,
it is reasonable to decision on the basis of P-S(Q)-N curve
that fatigue life relates load density to fracture probability.
Fatigue strength analysis which is based S-N curve and statistical data and
cumulative damage data is carried out.
SA-N curve which related fatigue life and local stress and strain than
S-N curve which related fatigue life and nominal stress(first stress).
3. Fatigue Design
3.2Fatigue Design of Bridge.
Setting up Fatigue design of
structural member
Fatigue strength of
structural member
Structural member
or model test
S-N curve
decision
Fatigue strength
curve estimation of
structural member
The law of
accumulated damage
External force
estimation
SA-N curve
decision
Fatigue strength
curve of basic
specimen
Mean stress
estimation
Fluctuating stress
estimation
Setting up of limits
accumulated value
Safety, economy
Allowable stress determination
(Fig 3.1 Estimation procedure of allowable stress for safe life design)
Structural Engineering Lab
3. Fatigue Design
3.2Fatigue Design of Bridge.
Setting up Structural member for analysis of fatigue crack propagation
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
3.3 Allowable stress and safety factor(Empirical safety factor)
In strength design, allowable stress is decided by divide criterion strength by empirical safety factor.
Load is respectively using another safety factor according to static, dynamic, impact load etc.
Criterion strength take static fracture strength.
This is not so good. because of make down the accuracy of allowable stress.
Fatigue strength is effected by notch effect, size effect, surface finishing etc.
So, Recently, criterion strength take actual load and actual fracture strength.
Relation allowable stress l and safety factor S and fatigue limit u is as follows:
1
u
al
S 1 2
Where, u : fatigue limit of standard specimen which finishing surface
S=
m + s
m : safety factor for fatigue limit of material (1.1 ~1.2, 1.5)
s : safety factor for stress(1.1, 1.5 ~ 2)
Structural Engineering Lab
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
3.4 Fatigue Safety of Steel Bridge
In Korea used allowable stress design method, acquirement of safety is only dependent on safety factor .
In countries used limit state design method, acquirement of safety is mainly described
as partial safety factor, reliability index, fatigue damage parameter, uncertainty of service load etc.
d
b
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
3.4 Fatigue Safety of Steel Bridge
3.4.1 Partial Safety Factor
(In here, JSSC and EUROCODE are present as follows)
( b w i ) d a
Where, d and a are the design stress range and the allowable fatigue stress range.
b ,w ,i are the partial safety factors to consider fatigue loads and uncertainty of structures.
b = factor for influence partial fatigue damage on safety strength and performance of
structures (strength reduction factor)
w = factor for social influence when structures cause fatigue fracture (significance factor)
i = factor for possibility to find a fatigue damage by inspecting before fatigue failure
(inspection factor)
Value of partial safety factor is determined by engineers. In JSSC, reference values for
partial safety factor are presented but the magnitude of failure probability is not obvious.
Structural Engineering Lab
d
b
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
3.4 Fatigue Safety of Steel Bridge
[Partial Safety Factor]
In EUROCODE, fatigue safety is determined from
f e
Where,
e is the equivalent stress range related to spectrum of the design frequent stress range,
a is the allowable fatigue stress range.
f ,m are the partial safety factors for fatigue load and strength, respectively.
f is factor related to uncertainty which can be included the magnitude of fatigue load,
the transfer of stress range from fatigue load, the effect of spectrum of
design frequent stress range on equivalent stress range, the design life,
the increase of fatigue load and etc.
m is uncertainty included into fatigue strength and factor in relation to error of the fatigue life.
d
b
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
m
da
C (K )
dN
m
da
C (K )
dN
is approximately -1/3.
As sample size for the fatigue test results of one structural detail increases gradually,
slop of the S-N curve calculated by least Square Method is tend to converge into approximately -1/3.
From two reasons above mentioned, slop of the S-N curve is -1/3, not a random variable.
c N ( )
m3
Variable of C is calculated by this equation in accordance with cycle number ( N) and stress range ()
d
b
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
ci ni ( i ) m
Where, i : one of stress range components at the spectrum of frequent stress range
ni : cycle number of i
It is assumed that fatigue failure is occurred if follow condition is satisfied.
k
c c
i 1
c N ( e ) m
Structural Engineering Lab
d
b
3. Fatigue Design
3.3 Allowable and safety factor.
ci ni ( i ) m
m
c
N
(
)
e
and Eq.
to Eq.
c c .
i 1
e { ( i ) m
i 1
ni 1/ m
}
N
m
(
)
N ca .
This equation is similar form with equivalent stress range of Eq.
e
Eq.
c c
i 1
4)JAPAN
5)CANADA
[Korea]
Korea Bridge Design Code
1)
2)
3)
4)
Design stress range should not exceeds allowable fatigue stress range.
Maximum stress of joint part should not exceeds allowable fatigue stress range.
Cycles number of maximum stress range(load number)
- Primary member : 2 million (truck (DB) load), 500 thousand(lane load)
- Transverse member, structure detail part : 2 million (truck load)
Allowable fatigue stress are made by combined load including live load and wind load.
*(This is a little different that the wind load is not included in Eurocode BS 5400 part 10)
4)
Design stress range should not exceeds allowable fatigue stress range.
Primary load transfer member is applied to allowable fatigue stress range of singular loading path
Cycles number of maximum stress range(load number)
- Primary member : 2 million (truck (DB) load), 500 thousand(lane load)
- Transverse member, structure detail part : 2 million (truck load)
Allowable fatigue stress are made by combined load including live load and wind load.
*(This is a little different that the wind load is not included in Eurocode BS 5400 part 10)
[BS]
Fatigue design standard(BS) was printed as BS 5400 Part 10 in 1980.
1) Permissible value of stress is prescribed as stress range not stress limit value.
When strength of fatigue is evaluated, magnitude of stress by dead load is no relation.
2) Fatigue strength evaluation method which considered actual stress for weld structure is adopted.
3) Design life is guaranteed until 97.7% of nondestructive probability and design life is until120 years.
4) It is possible to calculate fatigue strength for any design life.
5) Definition of design life is defined as safely serviceable period.
Joint part is classified by non-welded details, welded details on surface of member, welded details
at end of member etc.
Also, it is subdivided by location of potential crack initiation, dimensional
requirement, manufacturing requirement, inspection requirement, etc.
Fatigue strength is divided by 10 grade : A ~ F, F2, G, S,W.
Also, non-welded details is sub divided by 12 grade.
welded details on surface of member is sub divided by 12 grade.
welded detail on end of connection of member is sub divided by 15 grade.
[JAPAN]
[Japan Bridge design code]
Fatigue design is not so much allocating in Japan bridge design code.
Because the result of study from railway association and JSSC can be used as manual.
3) Stress range is the algebraic difference between the maximum stress and minimum stress at a given
location. : thus, only live load induces stress range.
4) Stress range need be applied only at location that undergo a net applied tensile stress.
So, stress ranges that are completely in compression need not be investigated for fatigue.
[CANADA]
[Design Criteria]
F sr
sr
Where,
F sr
fatigue resistance.
nN
where,
F srt
F
f
srt
sr
[CANADA]
[Cumulative fatigue damage]
The total damage that results from fatigue loading, not applied at constant amplitude, shall satisfy
nN 1.0
i
fi
Where,
fi
nN
'
Where , is obtained by setting n '
N
of nN n N at which F F
'
'
sr
srt
'
'
Stress history measurement and fatigue life assessment of coped stringers of steel railway
bridge under being in service.
Estimation methods for strain-life fatigue properties from hardness
Evaluation of fatigue damage
A study on characteristics of Fatigue crack growth in SM570 steel
A study on parameters affected the fatigue crack growth in steel structure member.
An experimental study on fatigue crack growth characteristic of welded high-strength steel.
Fatigue Crack Growth and Crack closure Behavior of Structural Materials
Fatigue Crack Propagation and Crack Closure under Random Loading
Elastic-Plasic Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior under Repeated Two-Step Loading
estimation of probabilistic distribution of fatigue crack propagation using the first-order tayl
or expansion of crack geometry
An experimental study on the fatigue of torque shear type high tension bolted joint.
A study on fatigue crack at coped stringer of the plate girder subway bridge.
behavior od the crack initiation, transition and fatigue crack growth of rail steel.
The Cyclic Plastic Strain and Cumulative Fatigue Damage
The Cyclic Plastic Strain and Cumulative Fatigue Damage Under Actual Loading
Structural Engineering Lab
COD