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Definition
Types
Reinforcement
Load Condition
Length effect
Reinforcement
a) Longitudinal or main reinforcement
a) Lateral reinforcement
Short Column
Slender or long column
P = fcAc+fsAs
(fs = nfc)
= fcAc+nfcAs
= fc[Ac+nAs]
= fc[Ag-As+nAs]
= fc[Ag+As(n-1)]
In USD method
Nominal load= Pn 0.85fc A c A st fy
0.85f 1 f
0.85fc A g A st A st fy
Ag
g y
A st
Ag
Ties design
Spacing of ties > (i) 16 times dia. of main bar.
(ii) 48 times dia. of ties
(iii) Least dimension of column
Normally # 3 or # 4 bars are used for ties.
(1)
sp
2
Dsp
4
(2a)
( A sp )Dc
4A sp
sDc
2
Dc x s
4
(3 )
(5 )
P2 = 0.85f1(Ac-Ast) + fyAst
(7)
If P2 is equal to P0 then
0.85 fc A g A st 0.85 f1 A c A st
A gfc
Ac
(8)
Putting the value of f2 from eq.(5) into eq.(1) and then value
of f1 from eq(1) into eq.(8) we get
fsps A g fc
fc 4.1
Ac
2
Taking fsp equal to the yield strength of the spiral bar fy,
rearranging and rounding down the coefficient gives.
Ag
f
s 0.45
1 c
Ac
fy
(9 )
0.45Dc fc g 1
Ac
Problem
Design a square tied to support an axial D.L = 130k and axial
live load = 180k. Assume longitudinal steel to be 2%. Design
for fc = 4000 psi fy = 60000 psi
Solution
Pu = 1.4 (130)+1.7 (180) = 488 k
2
Pu = 0.8[0.85fc(Ag-Ast)+Astfy]
A st
Ag
100
Ag = 192.3 in2
Use 14 x 14 (Ag =196 in2 )
Longitudinal Bars
488 = (0.8) (0.7) [ 0.85 (4) (196-Ast) + 60Ast]
Ast = 3.62 in2
Design of Ties
i.
48 x
ii.
16
3
18"
8
7
14"
8
Problem
Design an axially loaded spirally reinforced circular column for a
gravity dead load of 320 K and a live load of 360k using
approx. 3.5% reinforcement. Use fc = 4000 psi fy = 60,000 psi
Solution
Pu = (1.4) (320) + (1.7) (360) = 1060 k
Pu=(0.85)(0.75)[0.85fc(Ag-Ast)+Astfy]
Ag = 308 in2
d = 19.8 in
Ac = 227 in2
s= 0.0115
Ast=0.035Ag
Solution
A sp
s dc s
4
for # 3
s = 2.25
for # 4
s = 4.1
4 A sp
s dc
So
Use # 3 bar spiral at s = 2.25
but
1" S 3"
ii.
Vertical
loads
which
are
applied
eccentrically
through
an
eccentric
connection.
Position of column
Pn = Cc + Cs - T
Cc = 0.85fcba = 0.85fc1cb
Cs = As(fs 0.85fc)
T = Asfs
Since a=1c
Mn Pn e Cc C s d' T d
2
2 2
2
d
dc
s u
s 1
u
c
c
d
1 s
c
u
u
c c b d
y
u
dc
fs uE s
s u
c d
fs uE s
a 1c
Problem
d
0.003 y
0.003 21.6
13.72
0.003 0.001724
where a 1x b 11.662
xb
Solution
Solution
Cc = 0.85fcba = 0.85 (3000) (15) (11.662)
= 446071.5 lb
T = Asfy = 2.35 x 50000 = 117500 lb
Comparing similar triangles
s
13.72 2.4
0.003
13.72
s 0.002475 y (0.001724)
s A s fy 0.85fc
Solution
Pb eb Cc Cs d T 2.4
2 2
2
24 11.662
24
440079 eb 446071.5
111507
.
5
2
.
4
2
2
2
24
117500
2 .4
2
eb 11.25
Mb Pb eb 4950287.084 lb.in.
Problem
Determine the nominal compressive strength Pn for previous
problem for eccentricity e=8
Solution
e (8) < eb (11.25)
Therefore compression control criteria is valid.
Cs = As(fy 0.85fc) = 111.51 k
0.003
x
21.6 x 0.003
s
x
Solution
21.6 x 0.003
T 2.35 29 106
4416.12 204.45x
T
x
Taking moments about Pn
4416.12 204.45x
a
C s 4 2.4
21.6 4 Cc 4 0
x
4416.12 204.45x
111.514 2.4
21.6 4
x
0.85x
325x
4 0
2
Synthetic division
16
-9.4
16
6.6
247.47
105.6
353.07
-5624
5649.12
25.12
for
15.96
5620.59
-3.41
for
15.97
5627.71
3.71
5624.15
0.15
for
15.965
Cs = 111.51 k
518.86 k
Problem
Determine nominal compressive strength Pn in previous
problem for e=20
Solution
e(20) > eb(11.25)
Therefore tension control criteria will be valid
T=Asfy=2.35 x 50000 = 117500 lb = 117.5 k
Cc = 0.85fcba = 32.5x
CS = As (fy 0.85fc) = 111.51k
Fy = 0
Taking moment about tension steel
d d'
a
Pn e
C
d
Cs (d d' )
c
2
2
Pn Cc Cs T
32.5 x 111.51 117.5
Pn 32.5 x 6
Solution
x2 + 18.82x 167.75 = 0
x = 6.6
and
-25.4 x
Pn = 211.5 lb
s
x d'
0.003
x
s = 0.00199
> y 0.001724
Problem
Find Pn for the section shown with e=8
fc = 3000 psi fy = 50000 psi
Solution
1
1000
Solution
Cs1 = As1(fy - 0.85fc)
= 2.35(50000 0.85 x 3000) x
1
1000
= 111.5 k
0.003
x
x 12
s 2 0.003
C s 2 A s 2 fs 2 0.85fc
1.57s 2E s 0.85fc
Cc
3000
87x 12
1.57
0.85
x
1000
132.58x 1639.08
x
0.85fcba
32.5 x
T A s fs A s sE s
Solution
From similarity of triangles
s
d x
0.003
x
21.6 x
s 0.003
21.6 x
T 2.35 29 106 0.003
4416.12 204.45x
Cs1 4 2.4 Cc
4 Cs 2 (8) T( d 4) 0
2
Solution
x = 15.61
Verifying assumption
s1
x 2.4
0.003
x
s1 0.00254 y (0.001724)
OK
Solution
s 2
x 12
0.003
x
s 2 0.0007 y (0.001724)
s
d x
0.003
x
s 0.00115 y (0.001724)
Cs1 = 111.5 k
C s2
27.58 k
x
Fy = 0
Pn = Cs1 + Cs2 + Cc - T
= 111.5 + 27.58 + 507.32 78.45
Pn = 567.95 K
OK
OK
Pn e
C
d
Cs (d d' )
c
2
2
a = 0.54 d
Cc d 0.459bdfc d
2
2
1
fcbd2
3
C s A s fy
1
2
fc bd
A s fy ( d d)
3
Pn
1
1
e ( d d) e ( d d)
2
2
3eh
3h( d d )
e
1
2
2
d
2d
( d d) 2
For previous problem e = 8 b = 15 h = 24
fc = 3000 psi
fy = 50,000 psi d = 21.6 d = 2.4 Pn = 525.35 k
While by static equilibrium Pn = 559.94 k
If e = 0 then load is axial with no moment. So let Pn = Po
P0 0.85 fcbh 2A s fy
fcbh
P0
2 A s fy
'
3h( d d )
2d2
2d2
fcb
2 A s fy
'
3( d d )
(1)
( 2)
1.18
2
2d
0.85
Making substitution
A s fy
bhfc
Pn
3eh
e
1
.
18
0 .5
2
d
d d
(3 )
Let
m
fy
0.85 fc
A s
bd
As
bd
thus
Pn 0.85 fcb1x bd
10.85 fc bdf y
0.85 fc
0.85 fcbd
(m 1) m
d
1x
Pn e 0.85 fc b1x d
A s ( fy 0.85 fc )(d d)
2
1x
Pn e 0.85 fcbd 1x
(m 1)(d d)
2d
1x
1x
x
e
(m 1) m 1
2
d
d
(m 1)(d d)
1x e1
2d d
1 x e (m 1) e m
(m 1)(d d) 0
e1 2d
2d
x x
2 1 2
1
1
d
2d
2 em e em (m 1)(d d) 0
1
2
21e 21d
x x
2
2
1
1
em( ) e (m 1)(d d)2d
0
2
1
2
2 e 2 d
12 21
1
1
21e 21d
em( ) e (m 1)(d d)2d
12
12
1
d e
2
d e
8d(m 1)(d d) e em( )
2
12
1
2
2
2
d e em
2
e
e
2
d
(
m
1
)
1
1
1
x
1
d
d
d
2
d
d
d
1
d
12
e
1
x
d
d
1
2
d
e e
e
(
m
1
)
1
m
(
d
d d
12
1
e'
'
(
m
1
)
Pn 0.85fc ' bd
2
e'
d'
e'
1 2 (m m ) ' (m 1)1
d
d
d
When = then
2
e' e'
e'
d'
Pn 0.85fc ' bd 1
1 2 (m 1)1
d d
d
d
e'
e'
2me '
Pn 0.85 fcbd m 1 1
d
d
d
Design of Short
Columns
Factors
affecting
the
choice
of
columns
Choice of Columns
Type
Fig. Below gives the
comparison
of
interaction diagrams for
three columns, each
having same fc & fy,
same total longitudinal
steel, Ast, same gross
area, Ag. The columns
differ in arrangement of
reinforcement.
ii.
iii.
1.5 in
1
1 times the size of the coarse aggregate.
3
Reinforcement Splices
Reinforcement Splices
In large columns with large bars, but splices or mechanical
splices may be used.
Types of lap splices required if all bars are lap spliced at every
floor
Problem
For rectangular tied column with bars equally distance
along four faces select the reinforcement.
Given
Factored axial load Pu = 560 Kips
Factored moment Mu = 3920 Kips. in.
fc = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi Nominal max.
size of aggregate = l
Solution
Step-1
Step-2
b=16
where
klu
6 .6
h
Solution
klu
Compute
and
h
compare
with
critical
value; determine whether
slenderness effects must
be considered.
For
columns
braced against
sidesway k=1.0
Given:lu=10 ft=120
klu 120
6 6 .6
h
20
slenderness effects
may
be
neglected.
Solution
Step-3
Determine
reinforcement ratio
g using known
values of variables
on
appropriate
interaction
diagrams
and
compute required xsectional area Ast of
longitudinal
reinforcement
pu
Compute
Ag
Compute
Mu
A gh
Ag=bxh=20x16
=320 in2
pu 560
1.75 ksi
A g 320
Mu
3920
0.61 ksi
A gh 320 20
Solution
h5
Estimate
h
20 5
0.75
20
Determine appropriate
interaction diagrams
pu
Mu
Read g for
and
Ag
A gh
Pu
1.75 and
For
Ag
Mu
0.61
A gh
g=0.04
Solution
Compute required Ast
from Ast=gAg
Step-4
A.
Required Ast=0.04x320
=12.8 in2
Select optimum
reinforcement
Assume trial quantities
12
16
B.
C.
#18
#10
#9
A st
Ag
0.05
OK
Compute resulting g
#14
0.056 0.048
OK
OK
0.05
OK
Solution
D.
E.
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.76
Solution
F.
16
16
16
16
Problem
Design of rectangular tied column section subject to very small
design moment (Minimum eccentricity=0.10 x column thickness
h is found to govern.)
Given:
fy=60 ksi
Solution
Preliminary step. Determine which value of
eccentricity e governs:
Columns should be
designed for greatest of
Mu
Pu
(b) For tied columns e(b)=0.1h
(a ) e ( a )
e( a )
Mu 480
Pu 940
0.51 in.
Solution
(B)
e(b) = 0.1h
e(c) = 1.0 in
For e(b) > e(c)
Solution
Step-1
(A)
(B)
Known:
e(b)=0.1h
e/h=0.10
Design g=0.04
Assume =0.75
For a square tied column
with steel equally
distributed along four
faces, fc=5 ksi fy=60
ksi and an assumed
of 0.75
Solution
(C)
(D)
(E)
Pu
Read for A g e/h=0.10
and the desired steel ratio.
Diagram shows
Pu
3.56 ksi
Ag
Ag
940
264 in2
3.56
h 264 16.2 in
h 10" so e 0.10h
governs
Try h 16" in
Solution
(Step-2)
Check whether
slenderness ratio
klu
is less than
h
critical value. If so,
slenderness effects
may be neglected. If
not, slenderness
effects must be
considered by
magnifying moment
Mu by factor
Solution
(A)
M1
Compute M and
2
read critical
kl
value of u
h
5 .6 6 .6
h
16
Therefore slenderness
effects may be
neglected.
Solution
(Step-3)
(A)
(B)
Determine reinforcement
ratio g using known
values of variables
on appropriate
interaction diagram
and compute
required crosssectional area Ast of
longitudinal
reinforcement.
Known:
Pu=940 kips
Pu
940
h5
Estimate
h
e
16 5
0.10
0.69
h
16
Determine appropriate
interaction
diagrams
Solution
(C)
Pu
Read g for A and e/h
g
e/h=0.10
and
=0.60
g=0.047
=0.75
For =0.69
g=0.044
g=0.045
Required
Ast=0.045(16)2=11.5 in2
Select Optimum
reinforcement
Assume trial bar
quantities
Determine smallest bar
size to provide Ast
12
16
#18
#11
#9
#8
Solution
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
16.00
obviously not
a choice
12.48
12.00
12.64
#4
#3
#3
0.66
0.7
0.7
0.046
0.045
0.045
11.8
11.5
11.5
OK
OK
OK
Solution
(F)
22.6
18.0
16.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
Solution Use 16x16 column with 12#9 bars with normal lap
splices and #3 ties spaced 16 apart.
Problem
For minimum longitudinal reinforcement (g=0.01) and column
section dimension h=16 , select column dimension b and
reinforcement for a rectangular tied column with bars on end
faces only.
Given:
Factored axial load Pu=660 kips
Factored moment Mu=2790 k.in.
fc=4 ksi
fy=60 ksi
Solution
Step-1 Determine trial column
dimension b
corresponding to known
values of variables on
appropriate interaction
diagrams.
(A) Assume a series of trial
column sizes b, in., and
compute Ag=b x h
(B) Compute
(C) Compute
Pu
Ag
,ksi
Mu
,ksi
A gh
fc=4 ksi
h=16
fy=60 ksi
24
26
28
384
416
448
660
384
660
416
660
448
=1.72
=1.59
=1.47
2790
384 x 16
=0.45
2790
2790
416 x 16 448 x 16
=0.42
=0.39
Solution
(D) Estimate
h5
h
0.69
0.69
0.69
Pu
Mu
and
Ag
A gh
for
= 0.60
0.022
0.017
0.013
for
= 0.75
0.018
0.014
0.011
0.020
0.015
0.012
Solution
Step-2: Check whether
slenderness ratio klu is less
h
than critical value. If so,
slenderness effects may
be neglected. If not,
slenderness effects must
be considered by
magnifying moment Mu by
factor .
Step-3: Compute required xsection area Ast of
longitudinal reinforcement.
Step-4: Select optimum
reinforcement.
(A) Assume trial bar quantities
klu
h
Given that
is below critical
value, slenderness effects
may be neglected.
Required
Ast=0.012x16x28=5.4 in2
4
10
12
Solution
(B) Determine smallest bar
size to provide Ast
#11
6.24
#4
#9
#8
#7
6.00
6.32
6.00
#3
#3
#3
0.66
0.70
0.70
0.71
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
OK
OK
OK
OK
#7
7.20
Solution
(E) Check whether
reinforcement can be
accommodated with
normal lap splices
(F) Determine tie spacing as least of
-16 longitudinal bar diameters, in.
-48 tie bar diameters, in
-Least dimension of column, in
(G) Select minimum g
reinforcement.
OK
OK
OK
OK
22.6
18.0
16.0
14.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
First
choice
Try 16x28 in. column with 6#9 bars and #3 ties spaced not more
than 16 in. apart.
Problem
For a circular spiral column, select column section diameters and
choose reinforcement. Use g 0.04
Given:
Factored axial load Pu=940 kips
Factored moment at top of column
Mu=480 k.in.
fc=5ksi
fy=60 ksi
Maximum size of aggregate=1.0 in.
Effective length of column klu=90 in.
Solution
Preliminary step:
Determine which value of
eccentricity e governs.
Columns should be
designed for greatest of
Mu
e
(a) ( a )
Pu
(b) For spirally reinforced
columns
e(b)=0.05h
(c) e(c)=1.0 in.
(A) Compute e(a) and compare
with e(c)
Mu 480
e( a )
0.51 in.
Pu 940
e( c ) 1.0 in e( a ) 0.51 in.
Solution
(B) Compute e(b) and compare
greater of e(a) and e(c) with
e(b). Since column
thickness h is unknown,
determine range of values
of h for which e(b) will be
greater that e(c), and judge
whether design h will fall
in that range. When trial h
is slected in step-1, check
whether e(b) does in fact
govern.
e(b) = 0.05 h
e(c) = 1.0 in.
For e(b) > e(c)
Solution
15
17
19
0.36
0.24
0.17
0.067
0.059
0.053
0.67
0.71
0.74
Mu
A gh using
(B) Compute
Mu
from preliminary step-c
Mu
940
A gh (h)2 h
4
h5
h
Solution
Mu
computed A h
g
For = 0.6
For = 0.75
Interpolate
(G) Select trial column size h
Step-2: Check whether
kl
slenderness ratio u is less
h
than critical value . If so,
slenderness effects may be
neglected. If not,
slenderness effects must be
considered by magnifying
moment M by factor .
>0.08
>0.07
0.044
0.041
0.042
<0.02
0.02
Solution
(A) Compute M1/M2 and read
kl
critical value of u
h
klu
(B) Compute
and compare
h
klu 90
5.3 6.6
h
17
2
2
Required A st 0.042 x (17) 9.53 in
4
Solution
Step-4: Select optimum
reinforcement.
(A) Assume trial bar quantities
#14
#4
13.50
10
11
#11
#10
#10
#9
#9
10.92
#4
Not
permitt
ed
10.16
#4
Ok Ok
Probable
1st
choice
11.43
#4
10.0
#4
Ok
11.0
#4
Result
s 0.45
1
Ac
fy
17 2
5
0.45
1
2
12
60
0.0377
4 A sp
s
1.768
s dc
So use spiral with spacing (pitch) of 2
1" 2 3"