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What is research?
The systematic investigation and study of
materials and resources in order to
establish and reach at new conclusions.
(Oxford dictionary )
Research comprise
Defining and redefining problems
Formulating hypothesis
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data
Making deductions and reaching
conclusions
Carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulated
hypothesis or not.
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Objectives of Research
To discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
To find out the truth which is hidden/has not
been discovered as yet.
To gain familiarity with the phenomenon or to
achieve new insights in to it
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Objectives of Research
To portray accurately the characteristics of a
Significance of Research
Increased amount of research make
progress possible.
Promote scientific thinking & development of
Significance of Research
A means of livelihood
An outlet for new ideas & insights
The development of new styles & creative
work
The generalizations of new theories
Fountain of knowledge
Important source of providing guidelines
for solving for solving different problems.
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Motivations in Research
What makes people undertake research
Desire to get research degree along with its
consequential benefits.
Desire to solve a challenge in solving the unsolved
problems.
Desire to design appropriate policies.
Desire to contribute to the existing stock of
knowledge
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative
work
Desire to be of service to the society
Directives of government
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Curiosity about new things etc
Types of Research
Can be grouped in to:
Exploratory Research
Descriptive Research
Explanatory/Causal Research
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1. Exploratory Research:
undertaken with the aim of clarifying
ambiguous problems
general problems usually known but not
sufficiently understood
the purpose is to get more information, not to
uncover specific courses of action
(subsequent research)
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2. Descriptive Research:
Include surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds
undertaken with the aim of determining the
characteristics of a population or phenomenon
Previous knowledge of problem exists
High degree of precision or accuracy required
Major Purpose:- description of the state of affairs as it
exists at present.
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Examples:
Who are the main consumers of organic foods?
How many students read the prescribed course
literature?
Where do most holiday-makers travelling overseas
go?
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3. Causal/Explanatory Research:
undertaken with the aim of identifying cause and
effect relationships amongst variables
Often difficult to determine because of the
influence of other variables (concommitant
hidden variables)
Purpose: fnding the Reasons why?
Desire to know how the cusal factors relate to the
effects under predictions.
Usually refered as hypothesis-testing
Such studies require procedures that:
Reduce bias & increase reliability
Permit drawing inference about causality
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Quantitative Research
Based on the measurement or amount
Applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in terms
of quantity.
Conceptual Research
Related to some abstract idea/theory
Generally used by philosophers & thinker to
develop new concepts or to re-interpret
existing once.
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1. Problem/Question: Develop a
question or problem that can be
solved through experimentation
2. Observation/Research: Make
observations and research your
topic of interest.
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Planning
a Sample
Processing and
Analysing the Data
Gathering
the Data
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