5

Form Tolerances

 Apply straightness tolerances to control surface

elements or a derived median line (commonly
known as axis straightness) and show the
interpretation of those tolerances.

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

 Apply flatness to control a surface and show an

interpretation of the flatness tolerance zone.
Apply a flatness tolerance for a median plane
and show an interpretation of the flatness
tolerance zone.

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

 Apply circularity tolerances and show an

interpretation of a circularity tolerance zone.
Apply a cylindricity tolerance and show an
interpretation of the cylindricity tolerance zone.

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Form Tolerance Symbols

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Form Feature Control Frame

Has only two compartments
Tolerance symbol
Tolerance value

No datum feature references

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Material Condition Modifiers

RFS assumed
MMC symbol must be shown when applicable
MMC Applied when omission of MMC could
increase cost

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Form Requirements
from Size Limits
Size limit controls form
Maximum material condition (MMC), small hole
or large shaft
Least material condition (LMC), small shaft or
large hole

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Rule #1
Perfect form boundary at MMC
As size departs from MMC, form may vary
Perfect form not required at LMC

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Perfect Form Boundary Effect

on Flat Surfaces

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Perfect Form Boundary Effect

On Cylinders

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness
Control surface elements
Control derived median line (Axis)
Surface line element may be called a line
element or surface element

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness (Cont.)
Derived median line made from midpoints
Center line is center of feature, no variation
Axis is line at center of actual mating envelope

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness Applied
to Surface Elements
Form tolerance only applied if the required
control is smaller than the size tolerance
Form tolerance larger than size tolerance only
permitted with independency symbol
Material condition modifiers not used in form
tolerance specifications applied to surfaces

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness of Flat Surfaces

Feature control frame with extension line or
leader
Direction dictated by view orientation
Straightness does not imply parallelism

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness of
Cylinder Surface Elements
Variation of surface element straightness
Feature control frame with extension line or
leader
Surface straightness does not control axis
Axis straightness does not control surface

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness of
Cone Elements
Each cone element controlled independently
Angle controlled by other means

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Verification of
Surface Straightness
Use a dial indicator
Full indicator movement (FIM)
Total indicator reading (TIR)

Use a straight edge and feeler gage

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness Applied
to Features of Size

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness to Control a
Shaft Derived Median Line

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Bonus Tolerance
Allowable only when MMC is applied
Equals departure of size from MMC
Total allowable form tolerance equals specified
form tolerance plus bonus tolerance

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Straightness of the Derived

Median Line of a Hole

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Overall and Unit

Length Tolerance
Unit length tolerance makes part easier to
produce
Combination of overall and unit length
tolerances may be best approach
Combination is specified by one feature control
frame with upper and lower segments
Overall limits accumulation of unit length

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Gage for Overall Straightness

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Gage for Unit

Length Straightness

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Flatness
No material condition modifier applicable on a
surface
RFS or MMC applicable on feature of size

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Flatness Applied to a Surface

Only tolerance symbol and value
Surface variations limited by size

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Verification of Surface Flatness

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Overall and Unit Area

Flatness Tolerance
Combination of overall and unit area tolerances
may be best approach
Combination is specified by one feature control
frame with upper and lower segments
Overall controls accumulation of unit area

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Flatness Tolerance Applied to

a Derived Median Plane
Feature control frame placed adjacent to
dimension or on dimension line
No leader

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Verification of Derived Median

Plane Flatness

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Circularity Applied to a
Cylindrical Surface

Only applied as a control of surface form

No material condition modifier
Tolerance zone between two concentric circles
Applies at each cross section

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Circularity Applied to a Cone

Only applied as a control of surface form

No material condition modifier
Tolerance zone between two concentric circles
Applies at each cross section
Does not control the angle

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Cylindricity
Applicable to shaft or hole
Is combination of circularity and straightness
Two concentric cylinders create boundary

GD&T: Application and Interpretation

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.