Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Agenda
Serveron Corporate Background
Transformer Reliability
Dissolved Gas Analysis
DGA Interpretation
Accuracy & Gas levels
Incorporated in 2001
Engineering
Manufacturing
Sales & Marketing
Field Service
Secure Data Center
Customer Base
4
4
Michel Duval
Has developed and promoted the use of gas-in-oil standards in the IEC
and ASTM standards
Has been the Convenor of several IEC working groups and CIGRE task
forces and is the principal author of several IEC international standards
on DGA (60567, 60599, 61181).
Michel Duval
Metal passivators
Oil reclamation timing
Unstable oil detection and prevention
Paraffinic content of oils
The characterization of XLPE in HV cables and of HV outdoors insulators
Failure Rate
Bathtub Curve
New
Time
End of
Design Life
DGA condition assessment has been recognized for over 30 years for
improving reliability and lowering transformer asset maintenance
costs
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
8
8
One Example
True Story: 520 MVA GSU Transformer
$3.5 million replacement cost
$0.5 million environmental cleanup
$1.5 million/day spot market buy
Number of Explosions
50
0 79 80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
5
4
3
2
1
0
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
2013
William H. Bartley P.E., Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co.,
"Life Cycle Management of Utility Transformer Assets,"
Chemical
Tight budgets:
Cutbacks
Deferred
in O&M
capital
replacement
Modes of Stress
MECHANICAL STRESS
ELECTRICAL STRESS
Tank failure
Radiator failure
Winding buckling
Core damage
Insulation damage
LTC failures
Lead failures
Bushing failures
THERMAL STRESS
Failures due to insulation destruction or
conductor burn-through as the result of:
Switching surges
Lightning
CHEMICAL STRESS
Failures due to:
Ingress of water
Ingress of oxygen
Loss of insulating oil
Paper degradation due to heat or aging
14
14
Types of Faults
Workmanship
Overloading
Loose
Connections
Moisture
Other
Lightning
Inadequate
Maintenance
Insulation
Deterioration
Through Faults
Source: Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co.
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
15
15
transformers?
ISSOLVED
AS
NALYSIS
conditions.
DGA detects the level of gases indicative of incipient faults
Ethylene
(C2H4)
Carbon
Monoxide (CO)
Methane
(CH4)
Carbon
Dioxide (CO2)
Ethane
(C2H6)
Hydrogen
(H2)
Acetylene
(C2H2)
Insulating Oil
Oxygen (O2)
Air leaks
Oil Sampling
Manual Sampling
A small volume of oil (30 mL) is collected in a gas-tight syringe,
using a 3-way valve, then transported to the laboratory
ASTM method D3613 details procedures for oil sample handling
On-Line Sampling
A small volume of oil is continuously circulated through the
monitor and then returned to the transformer
The oil is sampled and analyzed for gas content by the monitor
On-Line monitors offer a closed-loop repeatable oil sampling
process, with no possibility for contamination
References:
ASTM D923: Standard Practice for Sampling Electrical Insulating Oils for
Gas Analysis
IEC 60567: Guide for the Sampling of Gases and Oil from Oil-filled
Electrical Equipment for the Analysis of Free Dissolved Gases
Gas Extraction
Dissolved gases are present in transformer oil at
Gas Extraction
METHOD A (partial de-gassing method)
METHOD B
The gases are then flushed from the stripper column into a gas
chromatograph for analysis
Gas Extraction
METHOD C (Headspace Method)
Some of the gases migrate from the oil to the headspace and
equilibrate according to Henrys law.
Gas Chromatography
Gas Detector
Stationary phase
Mobile
phase
flow
1.4
Stationary phase
= solid adsorbent or liquid
1.2
1.0
Intensity
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
50
100
150
Time (s)
200
250
Note:
Temperature of the Oil during a manual sample is required only for Lab
Moisture-in-Oil calculations
Example
Method C headspace sampling formula (from ASTM D3612)
CL = CG ( K + VG/VL)
CL = Gas-in-Oil value, ppm
CG = Gas-in-Gas value, ppm
K = Solubility Coefficient
VG = Volume of Oil space, 7 mL*
VL = Volume of Gas space, 15 mL*
(*)Typical Laboratory values
Gas Chromatograph
Transformer
Carrier Gas
Supply
(8.2 psig)
Manual Injection
Vent
1
0
9
1.0
mL
1
2
Transportation
4
6
Thermal
Conductivity
Detector
Channel B
Porapack Column
(A)
Channel A
Molecular Sieves
Column (B)
1.0
mL
Transformer Oil
Transformer Gas
Sampling:
If not done according to standard procedures by experienced personnel,
the samples may lead to erroneous results.
Transport:
If procedures are not followed properly, transportation may introduce
contaminations.
37
37
Steel
Tubing should only be used once and then discarded as the walls
of the tubing have a memory (can hold gases, water and other
chemicals compounds in the wall of the tubing)
40
40
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1
2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Lab A
Lab B
Lab C
Hydrogen
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1
2 3
4 5 6
Lab A
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Lab B
Lab C
Questions
What is the current DGA process at your utility?
Gas Sources
Gases in oil always result from the decomposition of
Gas Formation
Some of these bonds may break and form H*,
Gas Formation
All these radicals then recombine to form the fault gases
observed in oil:
Gas Formation
In addition to these gases, the decomposition of paper
H2
Methane
CH4
Ethane
C2H6
Ethylene
C2H4
Acetylene
C2H2
Carbon monoxide CO
Carbon dioxide
CO2
Oxygen
O2
Nitrogen
N2
used
Fault Types
Partial discharges of the corona-type (PD)
Typical examples:
Typical examples:
Fault Types
Discharges of high energy (D2)
Typical Examples
Fault Types
Thermal faults of temperatures <300C (T1)
Typical Examples:
Overloading
Blocked oil ducts
Brown (>200C)
Black or carbonized (>300C)
Fault Types
Thermal faults of temperatures between 300 and
700C (T2)
Typical Examples:
Defective contacts
Defective welds
Circulating currents
Evidenced by:
Carbonization of paper
Formation of carbon particles
Fault Types
Thermal faults of temperatures >700C (T3)
Typical Examples:
Evidenced by:
IEEE C57.
104-1991
Dornenburg Ratios
TDCG Procedure
TCG Procedure
Rogers Ratios
IEEE PC57.
104 D11d
IEC 605991999
Duval Triangle
CO2/CO Ratio
O2/N2 Ratio
C2H2/H2 Ratio
faults
Focuses on the main (or key) gas formed
Limitations:
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
CO
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
CO
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H2
CO
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
CO
C2H4
C2H2
Triangle Method
The Triangle, developed empirically in the early 1970s,
method.
Triangle Method
The triangle method plots the relative % of the 3 gases on
Triangle Method
Triangle Method
How have fault zones been defined in the Triangle?
Answer:
They are based on a large number of cases of faulty
transformers in service which have been inspected visually.
The Triangle was tested with all these cases and correctly
identifies the zone that matches the root cause of failure at a
very high percentage.
Triangle Method
Cases of faults PD and D1
Triangle Method
Cases of faults D2
Triangle Method
Triangle Method
Cases of thermal faults in paper
How are corona PDs, which form a lot of Hydrogen, H2, identified in
the Triangle without using this gas?
CO
H2
CH4
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
Answer: Because CH4 provides better overall diagnoses for all types of
faults
A possible explanation
Is that H2 diffuses much
more rapidly than
hydrocarbon gases from
transformer oil.
These values are the triangular coordinates to be used on each side of the
triangle
To verify that the calculation was done correctly, the sum of these 3 values
should always give 100%, and should correspond to only one point in the
triangle
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
92
92
Note: This is the same data as shown using Rogers Ratio example
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
95
95
% Unresolved
Diagnoses
% Wrong
Diagnoses
42
58
IEEE
Rogers
Rogers
Ratio
Ratios
62
33
71
26
77
15
96
Doernenburg
Ratios
IECBasic
Gas Gas
IEC
Ratio
Ratios
IEC Duval
Triangle
CO2/CO Ratio
CO2 & CO tend to move in and out of the paper insulation as the
temperature of the oil varies. CO2 is highly soluble and accumulates;
CO is less soluble and tends to escape.
excessive heating
Acetylene/ Hydrogen, C2H2/H2;
Formation of H2 only
109
109
Effect of lab accuracies of 15% (in RED) and 30% (in BLUE) on DGA
diagnosis uncertainty
This
is particularly true for lab accuracies > 30%
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
A BPL GLOBAL COMPANY
This applies not only to the triangle but to all diagnosis methods
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
110
110
Typical Values are not the same for all Transformer Systems (may
change slightly from system to another).
TGC and TRGI values are the calculated values from a specific
population of transformers in service.
All transformers
No OLTC
Communicating
OLTC
2-20
60-280
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
CO
CO2
50150
30130
60280
2090
400600
380014000
115
115
All transformers
No OLTC
Communicating
OLTC
0-4
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
CO
CO2
35132
10120
32146
590
2601060
170010,000
21 - 37
116
116
The large ranges of TGC & TRGI values are an indication of the
differences in operation practices of individual Utilities.
Values in the preceding tables are from Core-Type Xfmr Shell type
values are likely to be higher.
To calculate the TGC & TRGI values, separate out the different types
or sizes of transformers to be evaluated into specific groups or
classifications.
Each transformer group and classification will have its own TGC &
TRGI ranking or 90% values
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
117
117
50
10
100
1000 ppm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
6.2
9.4
10.2
19.9
30.5
49.5
52.6
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.9
3.3
5.4
7
9.9
11.7
18.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.8
2.5
15.9
39.5
49
76.2
76.4
76.7
Carbon
Monoxide, CO
0
0
21.5
26.3
29.1
52.9
56
121.5
135.1
143
189.4
222.1
239.4
282.3
296.8
306.9
87.4
76.4
22.8
118.3
342.1
8426.1
2.1
136.5
138.6
186.8
1867.8
55.8
5930.9
541.2
1078.2
582.3
1760.1
9457.3
19661.7
3.2
5.7
50 - 150
30 - 130
60 - 280
20 - 90
400 - 600
3800 - 14000
2 - 20
Hydrogen, H2
90% TGC
90% TGC
(CIGRE)
Carbon
Dioxide, CO2
177.3
258.6
487.4
494.9
662.3
1206
1263.6
1289.2
1748.4
2812.4
3369.8
4604.5
4639
6820.6
7244.1
8381.3
119
119
Acetylene
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Carbon Monoxide, CO
Acetylene, C2H2
1st
2nd
1st - 2nd
1st
2nd
1st - 2nd
1st
2nd
1st - 2nd
1st
2nd
1st - 2nd
24.8
26
1.2
22.3
22.6
0.3
47.5
51.5
6.7
5.8
0.9
262.2
248.9
13.3
81.7
82.8
1.1
4358.5
4319
39.5
133.9
135.1
1.2
30.1
28.5
1.6
123.7
168
44.3
30.3
32
1.7
28.1
30.1
2476.5
2563.5
87
22.8
20.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
134.1
223.8
89.7
145.5
142.9
2.6
2.4
2.4
138.1
229.3
91.2
291.8
294.9
3.1
3.7
3.7
31.1
161.3
130.2
303.4
328
24.6
4.8
4.8
2.9
177.6
174.7
1578.9
1615
36.1
11.5
16.3
4.8
316
494.8
178.8
517
573.8
56.8
24
32.4
8.4
9751.9
10095
343.1
304
367
63
2.3
0.1
15.4
2.8
12.6
607
1011
404
1160.2
1254.7
94.5
2.2
2.4
3.1
0.7
4.5
23.2
18.7
872.7
1281.4
408.7
152.8
298.8
146
7.3
6.6
0.7
28.6
50.2
21.6
17666.6
17120.6
546
6379.4
6627.5
248.1
2.2
1.2
144.3
172
27.7
4382
5069
687
326.2
668.2
342
1.5
1.5
48.3
11.7
37
6338.5
7110.4
772
489.2
1524.9
10367
2.2
2.2
140.2
91.8
48.4
6202.9
7296.9
1094
2324.6
5435.9
3111.3
6.4
1.4
186.2
134.1
52.1
6642.1
8622.1
1980
34
3426
3392
1.8
10.4
8.6
Transformer Type
Values are higher in shell-type and shunt reactors (operating at
higher temperatures), lower in instrument transformers
Condition 1
122
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
C2H2
CO
CO2
TDCG
IEEE-2008
100
120
50
65
350
2500
720
Weidmann
96
88
57
79
613
5990
1058
APS
80
45
70
30
950
1250
GE
80
50
73
28
950
1183
IEC/CIGRE
100
80
170
55
500
8900
908
different gases?
98
99 Norm, in %
Pre -Failure
Value
PFS, in %
100
200
300
400
ppm
129
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
C2H2
CO
2401320
270460
700990
7501800
310600
9843000
(in ppm)
This suggests that failure occurs when a critical amount of
insulation is destroyed
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
131
131
CIGRE, in ppm/day
C2H2
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
CO
CO2
0.5
11
NS
NS
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
C2H2
CO
CO2
TDCG
Sampling intervals
Nuclear
Transmission
Yearly
Typical
88
69
65
53
2.5
780
5990
1058
6 months
Level 2
143
104
117
102
983
9829
1546
Monthly
164
116
137
123
11
1048
11274
1717
214
145
188
175
22
1186
14695
2104
237
158
212
201
29
1245
16294
2277
366
226
355
360
84
1524
25161
3178
388
237
380
388
97
1566
26661
3322
725
400
800
900
450
2100
50000
5380
Level 3
Level 4
Pre-failure
135
H2
Monthly
Weekly
Weekly
Daily
Daily
Hourly
Hourly
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
C2H2
CO
CO2
TDCG
Sampling intervals
Nuclear
Transmission
Yearly
Typical
83
65
89
47
660
5850
946
6 months
Level 2
151
141
180
132
1408
12472
2049
Monthly
179
175
218
176
1737
15382
2539
247
266
319
308
13
2607
23067
3841
280
313
369
382
17
3054
27012
4513
475
620
686
951
42
5940
52492
8896
509
679
745
1074
47
6491
57351
9738
1095
1825
1825
4015
182
17000
150000
26000
Level 3
Level 4
Pre-failure
136
H2
Monthly
Weekly
Weekly
Daily
Daily
Hourly
Hourly
137
Conc.
Level #
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Daily
Yearly
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TDCG Procedure
139
140
: no
143
inspection made
FR3
144
Mineral oil
inconsistencies.
How far measured values are from typical values, and how close
they are to pre-failure values
Gas formation not related to faults (e.g., catalytic reactions of oil with
metals or stray gassing of oil) is of no particular concern
For the most severe cases, plan the replacement of the transformer
and/or its removal from service and inspection
loop GC:
No risk of human intervention
On-Line DGA
On-line DGA
On-line gas monitors
Serveron Corporation
2007.
No use without
163
163
- Transformer refurbished and re-commissioned 10/27/03
The Duval Triangle is a DGA tool included in the IEC 60599 Gas Guide.
2. Intermittent grounding was provided by the fastening bolt causing a transient potential
rise and subsequent discharges occurring between the corona ring and the main tank
ground point.
3. An on-site
repair
was2007.
performed
andpermission.
the transformer
Serveron
Corporation
No use without
was returned to service.
164
164
1. Both the Duval Triangle and Rogers Ratio analysis shows the fault condition is in T2
indicating a thermal problem getting worse in the range of 300C to 700C
2. Combustible gas levels were rising very quickly, exceeding preset rate of change limits.
Transformer load reduction began approximately 32 hours after levels began to change
and was fully de-energized within approximately 52 hours
3. Root cause of the problem was insulation design issues around HV and LV leads
Serveron Corporation 2007. No use without permission.
166
166
How to proceed with DGA results coming from the online gas monitor
No need to check for errors or inconsistencies in DGA
values
Diagnosis may be available on-line using the main
diagnosis methods
What should still be evaluated is the reliability of the
to get a diagnosis
Transformer Mounted