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Galant style
-(a pre-Classical style)
Period
-(a musical phrase type)
Alberti bass
Opera Buffa
Intermezzo
Opra Comique
Ballad Opera
Contrafact
Singspiel
Opera Seria
Cadenza
Da capo aria
Castrato
The Enlightenment
International culture
spread throughout
Europe
Composers travelled and
worked in cosmopolitan
centers
Flutist Johann Joachim
Quantz (right) suggested
that the ideal musical
style would blend many
national features
Opera Seria
Genre established by poet Pietro Metastasio
(1698-1782)
Composers throughout the century used libretti
by Metastasio
He sought to promote morality by portraying
heroes from Greek and Roman myths
Typical casts include two pairs of lovers
The operas are consistently in 3 acts
Opera Seria
The music alternates recitatives and arias
dramatic moments in the dialogue use
accompanied recitative
arias are soliloquies for actors to respond
emotionally to events
Duets, ensembles and choruses are less frequent
Opera Reform
Some composers wanted opera to be more
natural
Forms became more flexible and true to the drama
instead of to musical tradition
Ensemble pieces added more natural interactions
to the genre
The chorus and orchestra became more prominent,
and virtuosic singing less important
Gluck
He did not want the singers demands or da
capo form to restrict composers
He wanted the overture to be integral to the
opera
He blurred recitatives and arias
He wanted music of a tuneful simplicity
(ex/ che far senza Euridice? of Orfeo ed
Euridice)
Gluck
Later operas (Iphignie en Aulide, 1774;
Armide, 1777; etc.) built on his style by mixing
graceful Italianate melodies, Germanic
seriousness, and the magnificence of the
French tragdie lyrique
He influenced the operas of Niccol Piccini
(1728-1800), Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842), and
Hector Berlioz (1803-69)