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Particularly,
developments
in
cognitive
psychology influenced much of the research
done on language learning strategies.
Lawrence
(1984) learning style
encompasses four aspects of the person:
to
A cognitive style.
Patterns
Of
Attitudes
Cognitive
Style
Learning style
Tendency to
Use certain learning
Strategies &
Avoid others
Tendency
To
Seek
Situations
Compatible with their
learning pattern
Cognitive Styles
Cognitive Styles are the information processing habits
which represent a persons typical modes of perceiving,
thinking, remembering, and problem solving.
Learning Strategies
Oxford (1990): the specific actions, behaviors,
steps or techniques that students use to
improve their progress in apprehending,
internalizing and using the second language.
DIRECT STRATEGIES:
I. Memory
A. Creating mental linkages
B. Applying images and sounds
C. Reviewing well
D. Employing action
II. Cognitive
A. Practising
B. Receiving and sending messages strategies
C. Analysing and reasoning
D. Creating structure for input and output
INDIRECT STRATEGIES
I. Metacognitive Strategies
A. Centering your learning
B. Arranging and planning your learning
C. Evaluating your learning
II. Affective Strategies
A. Lowering your anxiety
B. Encouraging yourself
C. Taking your emotional temperature
III. Social Strategies
A. Asking questions
B. Cooperating with others
C. Emphathising with others
Gregorcs Taxonomy
Experiential
Intuitive
Curious
Concrete
Organized
Realistic
Divergent
Risk-taking
Conventional
Concrete
Random
Concrete
Sequential
Hasty
Random
imaginative
Accurate
Sequential
Abstract
Random
Intellectual
Abstract
Sequential
Analytical
Flexible
Emotional
Convergent
Interpretive
Holistic
Abstract
Theoretical
Critical
Auditory
Visual:
Verbal:
Kinesthetic
Contests
Cooperative
Listening
Mnemonic
devices
Riddle
s
Concept
mapping
Discovery
Learning
activities
Demos
Role -playing
Literature
circles
Hands-on
Experience
s
Debate
s
Projects
Jigsaw
Reading
technique
Lecturing
Students
presentations
Journal
writing
Multimedia
instruction
Communicative
activities
Text analysis
activities
Concept
mapping
Pair &
Group
work
Problemsolving
activities
Graphic organizers
Individual
work
References
LESSARD-CLOUSTON,
Michael.
1997.
Learning Strategies: An Overview for L2
on The Internet TESL Journal
"Language
Teachers"
O'MALLEY, J. Michael, CHAMOT, Anna U., STEWNERMANZANARES, Gloria, RUSSO, Rocco P., and L.
KUPPER. 1985. "Learning Strategy Applications with
Students of English as a Second Language" in TESOL
Quarterly 19: 557-584.