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Kingdom Animalia
Defining Animals
1. Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes.
2. Animals generally store their carbohydrate reserves as glycogen
3. Animal cells possess a number of unique cellular structures, e.g.,
gap junctions - intracellular junctions that allow the passage of
materials between cells
4. Animals possess special tissues that are responsible for impulse
conduction (nervous tissue) and movement (muscle tissue).
Animal Phylogeny
Origin of most animal phyla and major body plans took place in Precambrian era
and early Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era (circa 500-600 mya)
Most systematists agree that the animal kingdom is monophyletic
By the early Cambrian period (about 550 mya), virtually all known animal phyla
had evolved from the first animals of the late Precambrian
Major Events in
Animal Phylogeny
3. The Acoelomate-Coelomate
Split
A. Acoelomates - animals with solid
bodies; there is no body cavity
between the gut (endoderm) and the
outer body wall.
The other 2 body plans are often
referred to as a tube within a tube
body plan; a fluid filled sac separate
the gut from the outer body wall.
A second important difference
between acoelomates and animals
having a body cavity is that animals
with a body cavity have some sort of
blood vascular system
A. Cleavage
Protostomes - Spiral,
determinate cleavage
Deuterostomes - Radial,
indeterminate cleavage
4. The Protostome-Deuterstome
Split cont.
C. Coelom Formation
Protostomes - coelom
formation is called
schizocoelous
development; coelom forms
by splitting of mesoderm
Deuterostomes - coelom
formation is called
enterocoelous
development; coelom forms
as outpockets from the
endoderm