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3.1 Introduction
P1
P2 P1
T1
T2 T1
1
u1
2 1
u 2 u1
M1 1
M2 1
Normal shock
In real vehicle geometry, The flow
will be axisymmetric
The variation
of area
A=A(x) is
gradual
Neglect the
Y and Z flow
variation
u.ds 0
s
L.H.S of C.V
1u1 A 2 u2 A 0
1u1 2u2
( u )
u
.
d
s
)
u
f
dv
pd
s
s
v t
v
s
( u.ds )u pds
s
P1 1u1 P2 2u2
2
( u1 A)u1 u2 Au2 P2 A P1 A
P1 1u1 P2 2u22
2
u2
u2
v qd s pu.ds v ( f .u )dv v t (e 2 )d s (e 2 )u.ds
u1
u2
u12
u2 2
q h1
h2
2
2
u1
u2
at a 1
vt v M
sin 1
1
M
a
p
a da
p dp
T dT
Wave front
Continuity equation
a ( d )( a da) a ad da dda
a
da
d
Momentum equation
p a p dp ( d )(a da)
2
dp a 2 d
2a
a
d
dp 2ada a 2 d
da
a
d
dp a 2 d
da
2 a
1 dp a 2
2 a d 2 a
a2
dp
d
p
)s
p 2 v
v
s
s
a ( )s
Isentropic compressibility
General equation
valid for all gas
p c
p c
p
p
p
r 1
1
c .
p
a
RT
a aT
8RT
8RT
C
8 1.35
a
RT
3
a C
4
Mach Number
M 1
M 1
M 1
V
a
Subsonic flow
Sonic flow
Kinetic energy
Internal energy
supersonic flow
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
M 2
a
RT ( 1) RT 1 R T 1 CvT ( 1) e
1
1
A
P
T
* V
a*
a0 RT0
0 P0 / RT0
calorically
u
u
h1 1 h2 2
2
2
prefect
r P1 u1
r P2
u
( )
( ) 2
r 1 1
2 r 1 2
2
B
a B aB
aA
aA
a1
u
a
u
1 2 2
r 1 2
r 1 2
a2
u2
1 *2
a
1 2 2( 1)
Adiabatic flow
T0
u 1
u 1
1
1
1
M
2
T
2 RT
2 a
2
2
T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2
isentropic
P0 0 T0
P T
r
r 1
0
1 2 r 11
(1
M )
P0
1 2 r r1
(1
M )
p
2
a2
u2
a
0
r 1 2 r 1
a* 2 T *
2
( )
a0
T0 r 1
r 1.4
T*
0.833
T0
P*
0.528
P0
*
0.634
0
r 1 *
a02
a
2(r 1)
r 1
2
( r 21 )
0
*
1
r 1
P
P0
r
r 1
a / u
a
u
r 1 *
a
r 1 2 2r 1
2
M
2
r 1
M
2
r 1
1
r 1 a
2 2r 1 u
*
r 1 1 1 r 1 / M r 1
*
2r 1 M 2
2r 1
2
*2
r 1 / M (r 1)
*
or
*2
M*
( 1) M 2
2 ( 1) M 2
M*
= 1 if M=1
M*
<1
if M < 1
M*
>1
if M > 1
r 1
r 1
If M
EX. 32
1
Known
2
To be solved
Ideal gas
E.O.S
Continuity
p1 1u1 p2 2u2
2
Momentum
2
adiabatic
Variable : 2 , u2 , p2 , h2 , T2
u
u
h1 1 h2 2
2
2
Energy
5 equations
Calorically
perfect
P2 2 RT2 , h2 C pT2
a u1u2
*2
M2
*
M1
Prandtl relation
Note:
M1 1 M1 1 M 2 1 M 2 1
*
gas
1M
2 r 1M
2
*2
*2
M2
1
M 1*
1 [(r 1) / 2]M 1
2
rM 1 (r 1) / 2
M2
Special case 1. M1 1
M2 1
2. M1
M2
r 1
2r
2
2 u1 u12 u12
(r 1) M 1
*2
*2 M 1
2
1 u2 u1u2 a
2(r 1) M 1
2
2 u1
(r 1) M 1
1 u2 2 (r 1) M 12
u
P2 P1 1u12 2u22 1u1 u1 u2 1u12 1 2
u1
P2
1u12 2 r 1M12
1
1
r 1M12
P1
p1
P2
2r
2
1
( M 1 1)
P1
r 1
T2
p
h
2r
2 (r 1) M 1
2
( 2 )( 1 ) 2 [1
( M 1 1)][
]
2
T1
p1 2
h1
r 1
(r 1) M 1
2
2 P2 T2
, ,
1 P1 T1
M1 5
M1 5
lim M 2
M 1
r 1
0.378
2r
lim
M
2 r 1
6
1 r 1
lim
M
P2
P1
lim
M
T2
T1
Mathematically eqns of
Physically , only
M1 1
2 p2 T2
, , ,M2
1 p1 T1
M 1 1, M 1 1
hold for
is possible
T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
u1
u
Large ( y small)
y
u2
6
0(10 m ~ 10 m)
entropy
u
u
CpT1 1 CpT2 2
2
2
CpT01 CpT02
s2 a s1a Cp ln
T2 a
P
R ln 2 a
T1a
P1a
P
s2 s1 Cp ln 1 R ln o 2
Po1
Note: 1
P02
f ( M 1 )only
P01
s2 s1 R ln
Po2
Po1
Po2
e ( s s ) / R
Po1
2
decreases across a
shock wave
u1
2
1
)
2
P1 1u1 P2 2u2 P2 2 (
2
P2 P1 2
2 1 1
u
u
h1 1 h2 2
2
2
u2
2
P2 P1 1
2 1 2
h e
1 2
u1 )
2
1
1 1
1
e2 e1 ( P1 P2 )( ) p1 p2 v1 v2 Hugoniot equation
2
1 2 2
It relates only thermodynamic quantities across the shock
General relation holds for a perfect gas , chemically reacting gas, real gas
e
p
v
e pav v
e
c. f .
p
r 1 v1
P1
(
)
r 1 v2
(
P2 f P1,v1, v2 p2 f v2
1
p2 p1 v2 v1 v p
2
h
v
p
h
c. f
p s
dh ds udp
h
v
p s
For a specific u1
u1
2
P2 P1 2 P2 P1
v12
2 1 1 v2 v1
u
P P2 P1
1
v v2 v1
v1
12u12
supersonic
p
c. f 2 a 2
v s
Note
P
0
v
u1 a
p
p
1u12 2 a 2
v
v s
p p
v v s
(v2 v1 )
p p2 p1 2
v v ( p, s )
1
1 2
1
2
3
v1 v1 p 2 p 3 p .....
2
2 p s
3! p s
p s
For fluids
h h p, s
h
1 2h
h h2 h1 p 2 p 2 .......
2 p s
p s
Coefficient
For gibbs relation
h
1
v
p s
Tds dh
h
T
l p
dp
dh vdp
2 h v
2
p s p s
3h 2v
3 2
p s p s
1 v
1 2v 3
2
h v1p p 2 p T1s ...
2 p s
6 p
1 v
1 2v
1 v
2
v1p p 2 p 3 sp
2 p s
4 p s
2 s p
s T1
2 s
2
1 1 3
4
p 2 p 0p
4 6 p
p 0
Let
s 0
1 2
Ts 2 p 3
12 p h
s 0
2v
p 0 if 2 0
p s
s 0
p 0 if v 0
p 2
2v
2 0
p s
Normal fluid
Compression shock
Expansion shock
p
s=const
2v
2 0
p s
s=const
u1
u2
p1
p2
T1
T2
1u1 2u2
p1 1u1 P2 2u 2
2
+E.O.S
leaser
u12
u
h1 q h2 2
2
2
h CPT
2
u22
u1
To
Heat extraction
To
P2 P1 1u1 2u2
2
P1M12 P2 M 22
P2
P
2
1 M 12 2 M 2
P1
P1
P 2
u a M M PM 2
P2 1 rM 1
P1 1 rM 2 2
2
T 2 P2 1 P2 u2 P2 M 2 T2
T1 P1 2 P1 u1 P1 M 1 T1
u2 M 2 a2 M 2 T2
u1 M 1 a1 M 1 T1
1
2
1
2
1
2
T2 1 rM 1 2 M 2 2
(
)
2) (
T1 1 rM 2
M1
2
T2
P2 M 2
1 rM 1 M 2
(
2)
P1 M 1 1 rM 2 M 1
T1
2
2 u1
M a
M 1 rM 2 M 1
( 1 )( 1 ) ( 1 )(
)
2 )(
1 u2
M 2 a2
M 2 1 rM 1 M 2
2
2 1 rM 2 M 1 2
(
)
2 )(
1 1 rM 1 M 2
2
02
P01
P0
r 1 2
(1
M )
P
2
P P P
02
P2 P1 P01
r
r 1
r
r 1
r 1 2
M 2 1 rM 2
P
1
2
P01 1 r 1 M 2 1 rM 22
2
02
T02 T02 T2 T1
( )( )( )
T01
T2 T1 T01
2
T02 1 rM 1
2
T01 1 rM 2
M2
M1
T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2
r 1 2
M2
1
2
1 r 1 M 2
T2
P2
s s2 s1 C p ln R ln
T1
P1
T02
T01
P2 T2 2
, , ....
P1 T1 1
To facilitate the tabulation of these expression , let state 1
be a reference state at which Mach number 1 occurs.
P1 P T1 T 1 P01 P0 T01 T0
*
M1 1 M 2 M
P
1
*
P 1 M 2
T
2 1
M
*
2
T
1 M
1 1 M 2
2
*
M 1
P0
1 2 1M 2
*
1 M 2
1
P0
r
r 1
T0 1M 2
2
1
M
*
2
T0 1 M 2
T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*
Table A.3.
For =1.4
Adding heat to a
supersonic flow
M
q1 CP (T02 T01)
q1 CP (T01 T0 )
*
q2 CP (T02 T0 )
*
q2 q1 q1
*
T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*
P
1
P* 1 M 2 1
*
2
P 1 M
P
1
P* 1
M 2
P
T 1 2 P 2
p
1
M * M *
*
2
T 1 M
P M
P
2
P
T
* M
*
P
T
P 1 P* 1
*
P P
T
T*
T
P 21
P*
( * ) (1 )( ) 1 *
P
P
T
T
P 2
P*
* ( * ) (1 )( ) 1
T
P
P
P 2
P T
( * ) (1 )( * ) * 0
P
P
T
T
1 4 *
P 1
T
*
P
2
2
2
1 12 4 (T )
*
ss
T 1
ln *
ln
Cp
T
2
Cp
rR
1
r 1
Cp
T
T*
At point A
1.0
Rayleigl line
ds
0
dT
p
2
ds 0
ds0
dp udu 0
Momentum eq.
d du
0
u
Continuity eq.
du ud dp duu u 2d
S S*
Cp
u2
dp
d
At
point A , M=1
T
T*
B(M<1)
T
d *
T 0
dM
jump
Heating
A (M=1)
cooling
M<1
2M 1 r 1 rM
2
heating
cooling
M>1
2 4
1 rM 2rM
S S*
Cp
T
1 r 2
2
M
(
)
*
2
T
1 rM
M 1 r 21 rM 2rM 0
1 rM
2 2
ds=(dq/T)rev
addition of heat
ds>0
T
is maximum
*
T
At point B
lower m
MB
1.4
MB subsonic
M2
1
r
1 1 2
T
)
* (
T max 1 1
(1 r ) 2
4r
Supersonic flow
M1>1
(M2<M1)
(P2>P1)
(T2>T1)
T0
(T02>T01)
P0
u
(P02<P01)
(U2<U1)
subsonic flow
M1<1
(M2>M1)
M1
1
2
M1
1
2
P 1
*
P 1 M 2
T
2 1
2
M
(
)
T*
1 M 2
1 1 M 2
(
)
* M 2 1
P0 1 2 ( 1) M 2 1
[
]
*
2
1
P0 1 M
T0 ( 1) M 2
[2 ( 1) M 2 ]
*
2 2
T0 (1 M )
E.X 3.8
Momentum equation
s u .d s u s pd s s w.d s
4 L
p2 p1 2u2 u 0 wdx
D
dp udu
2
1 1
4
1
w dx w u 2 f
D
2
4f
dP
udu
1 dP du
dx
2 2
1
1
D
u
rM P
u 2 u 2
2
2
dp d dT
du dT
T
u
T
1u1 A 2u2 A p1 A p2 A D w d
2
dM du 1 dT
u Ma
M
u 2 T
adiabatic , To = const
r 1M 2 dM
T0
r 1 2
dT
M 0
1
M
r 1 2
T
2
T
1
M
2
1
4 fdx
2
1
dM
2
2
M
1
1
M
2
M
D
M 2
M2
1
x2 4 fdx
r 1
M
x1 D rM 2 2r ln r 1 2
M
1
2
M1
r 1 2
2
M1
T2 T2 T0
2
(
r
1
)
M
1
2
T1 T0 T1 1 r 1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
2
1
P2 M1 2 (r 1) M1
P1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
P02 M 1 2 (r 1) M 2
P01 M 2 2 (r 1) M 12
2 M 1 2 (r 1) M 1
2
1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2
2
( r 1)
[ 2 ( r 1)]
T * 2 (r 1) M 2
P
1
r 1
P * M 2 (r 1) M 2
1 2 (r 1) M
* M
r 1
1
2
P0
1 2 (r 1) M
*
P0 M
r 1
r 1
2r 1
L*
4 fdx 1
r 1
M
ln
2
r 1 2
D
rM
2
r
1
M
M
2
2
4 fL* 1 M
1 (r 1) M 2
ln
2
2
D
M
2
2 (r 1) M
1 L
* 0 fdx
L
*
s s1 Cv ln
Fanno line
ds < 0
m 1
m 2
T
u
R ln Cv ln R ln
T1
1
T1
u1
u 2CpT0 T
u2
h0 h
2
chocked
s s1
T r 1 T0 T
ln
ln
C
T1
2
T0 T1
ln T
ds > 0
At point P
1
r 1
0
T 2(T0 T )
u 2C p (T0 T )
C p (T0 T )
r 1
ln T0 T const
2
u
2
r 1
rR u 2 rRT a 2
2
2
u r 1 u
2.
M 1
2 rR
T high
u low
above P , M < 1
T low
u high
below
P,M>1
(M2<M1)
(P2>P1)
T
T0
(T2>T1)
P0
u
unchanged
(P02<P01)
(u2<u1)
Subsonic flow
M1<1
(M2>M1)
unchanged