THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 7, part B
The Endocrine System

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neurohormones: secreted into the Blood by Neurons

Adrenal Medullacatecholamines
Hypothalamus to:
Anterior pituitary

Trophic Hs
Growth H.
Prolactin
Posterior pituitary
Vasopressin

Oxytocin
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neurohormones: secreted into the Blood by Neurons

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

Hypothalamic stimulationfrom CNS

Pituitary stimulationfrom hypothalamic trophic

Hs
Endocrine gland stimulationfrom pituitary
trophic Hs

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

Negative Feedback Controls:

Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-14: Negative

feedback loops in the
hypothalamicanterior
pituitary pathway

Negative Feedback Controls:

Long & Short Loop Reflexes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion

Multiple Stimuli for Hormone Release:

Nervous & Endocrine
Stimuli
Stretch
Glucose

Insulin levels
Reflex
Lower blood glucose
Reduces stimulus
Reduces insulin release
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Multiple Stimuli for Hormone Release:

Nervous & Endocrine

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-9: Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release

Multiple Hormones Can Target a Cell/Tissue

Growth H
Somatomedins
Thyroxin
All have receptors
on many tissues
Stimulate
pathways for
growth
Figure 7-17: A complex endocrine pathway
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

More Impacts on Target Cells

Synergism: multiple stimuli more than additive
Cortisol +5

Glucagon +10
Epinephrine +20 (added = +35)
Synergistic effect + 140
Antagonism: glucagons opposes insulin
Permissiveness: need 2nd hormone to get full
expression
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

More Impacts on Target Cells

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-18: Synergism

Pathologies: Over or Under Production

"no bad hormones just too much or too little"
Exogenous medication
Replaces & exceeds normal
Cause atrophy of gland

Hypersecretion: too much

Tumors or cancer
Grave's disease- thyroxin
Hyposecretion: too little
Goiter thyroxin

Diabetes insulin
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathologies: Over or Under Production

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

Pathologies: Due to Receptors

Downregulation hyperinsulinemia
Transduction abnormalities
Testicular feminization syndrome
Pseudohypothyroidism
Abnormalities of control mechanisms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathologies: Due to Receptors

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

Influences body clock & antioxidant activity

Other roles need research: SAAD & sexual
behavior

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-22-1: The pineal gland

Pineal Gland and Melatonin

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-22-2: The pineal gland

Summary

Endocrine glands throughout body are key to

chemical integration and homeostasis

Protein, polypeptide, amine and a few steroid

hormones are plasma soluble and target
membrane
Surface receptors transduce signals into cell and
activate via second messengers

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Most steroid and some amine hormones are

lipophilic, can pass into cell, bind on cytoplasmic
or nuclear receptors and activate DNA for protein
synthesis
Hypothalamus, pituitary trophic hormone
pathways coordinate endocrine regulation

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings