IS1893 Lecture3

Lecture 3
This lecture covers

Section 6.1: General Principles
IS:1893-2002(Part I)
January 16, 2003
1
General Principles and Design Criteria (Section 6)
Four main sub-sections
Cl. 6.1: General Principles

Cl. 6.2: Assumptions
Cl. 6.3: Load Combination and Increase in
Permissible Stresses
Cl. 6.4: Design Spectrum
This lecture covers the first sub-section: Cl. 6.1
Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur
E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003
Lecture 3 / Slide 2
Ground Motion (cl. 6.1.1)
Usually, the vertical motion is weaker than the

horizontal motion
On average, peak vertical acceleration is onehalf to two-thirds of the peak horizontal
acceleration.
Cl. 3.4.5 of 1984 code specified vertical

coefficient as one-half of horizontal
Cl. 6.4.5 of 2002 code specifies it as two-thirds
Lecture 3 / Slide 3
Ground Motion Contd
All structures experience a constant vertical

acceleration (downward) equal to gravity (g) at
all times.
Hence, the vertical acceleration during ground
shaking can be just added or subtracted to the
gravity (depending on the direction at that
instant).
Lecture 3 / Slide 4
Ground Motion Contd
Example: A roof accelerating up and down by

0.20g.
Implies that it is experiencing acceleration in the

range 1.20g to 0.80g (in place of 1.0g that it
would experience without earthquake.)
Factor of safety for gravity loads (e.g., dead and

live loads) is usually sufficient to cover the
earthquake induced vertical acceleration
Lecture 3 / Slide 5
Ground Motion Contd
Main concern is safety for horizontal

acceleration.
Para 2 in cl. 6.1.1 (p. 12) lists certain cases
where vertical motion can be important, e.g.,
Large span structures

Cantilever members
Prestressed horizontal members
Structures where stability is an issue
Lecture 3 / Slide 6
Effects other than shaking
Ground shaking can affect the safety of

structure in a number of ways:
Shaking induces inertia force

Soil may liquefy
Sliding failure of founding strata may take place
Fire or flood may be caused as secondary effect
of the earthquake.
Cl. 6.1.2 cautions against situations where

founding soil may liquefy or settle: such cases
are not covered by the code and engineer has
to deal with these separately.
Lecture 3 / Slide 7
Earthquake Design Principle
Large earthquakes are infrequent as compared

to smaller earthquakes
A structure may have a design life of 50-100
years. Should it be designed to remain
undamaged for a large earthquake that takes
place say once in 500 years?
Read Earthquake Tip 8
(http://www.nicee.org/EQTips/EQTip08.pdf)
Lecture 3 / Slide 8
Earthquake Design Principle (contd)
The criteria is:
Minor (and frequent) earthquakes should not

cause damage
Moderate earthquakes should not cause
significant structural damage (but could have
some non-structural damage)
Major (and infrequent) earthquakes should not
cause collapse
Lecture 3 / Slide 9
Clause 6.1.3
Para 1 of this clause implies that Design Basis

Earthquake (DBE) relates to the moderate
shaking and Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) relates to the strong shaking.
Indian code is quite empirical on the issue of
DBE and MCE levels (as discussed in Lecture 2).
Hence, this clause is to be taken only as an
indicator of the concept.
Lecture 3 / Slide 10
Seismic Design Principle
A well designed structure can withstand a

horizontal force several times the design force
due to:
Overstrength
Redundancy
Ductility
Overstrength
The structure yields at load higher than the

design load due to:
Partial Safety Factors
Material Properties
Partial safety factor on seismic loads

Partial safety factor on gravity loads
Partial safety factor on materials
Member size or reinforcement larger than required
Strain hardening in materials
Confinement of concrete improves its strength
Higher material strength under cyclic loads
Strength contribution of non-structural elements

Special ductile detailing adds to strength also
Redundancy
Yielding at one location in the structure does not

imply yielding of the structure as a whole.
Load distribution in redundant structures
provides additional safety margin.
Sometimes, the additional margin due to
redundancy is considered within the
overstrength term.
Ductility
As the structure yields, two things happen:
There is more energy dissipation in the structure

due to hysteresis
The structure becomes softer and its natural
period increases: implies lower seismic force to
be resisted by the structure
Higher ductility implies that the structure can

withstand stronger shaking without collapse
Response Reduction Factor
Overstrength, redundancy, and ductility

together lead to the fact that an earthquake
resistant structure can be designed for much
lower force than is implied by a strong shaking.
The combined effect of overstrength,
redundancy and ductility is expressed in terms
of Response Reduction Factor (R)
See Fig. on next slide.

Total
Horizontal
Load
Total Horizontal Load
Maximum force
if structure remains elastic Fel
Linear Elastic
Response
Maximum
Load Capacity Fy
Load at
First Yield
Fs
Due to
Ductility
Non linear
Response
Due to
Redundancy
First
Significant
Yield
Due to
Overstrength
Design force Fdes
Figure: Courtesy
Dr. C V R Murty
max
Roof Displacement ()
Response Reduction Factor

Maximum Elastic Force (Fel)

Design Force (Fdes)
Para 2 and 3 of Cl. 6.1.3.
Imply that the earthquake resistant structures

should generally be ductile.
IS:13920-1993 gives ductile detailing
requirements for RC structures.
Ductile detailing provisions for steel structures
are not yet available in Indian codes.
Hence, reference is made to SP6 (Part 6): this

really relates to plastic design.
It is advisable to refer to international
codes/literature for ductile detailing of steel
structures till similar Indian codal provisions are
developed.
Para 2 and 3 of Cl. 6.1.3 Contd
As of now, ductile detailing provisions for

precast structures and for prestressed concrete
structures are not available in Indian codes.
In the past earthquakes, precast structures have
shown very poor performance during
earthquakes.
The connections between different parts have

been problem areas.
Connections in precast structures in high seismic
regions require special attention.
Past Performance
While talking of past performance of structures,

I may mention that the performance of flat plate
structures also has been very poor in the past
earthquakes.
For example, in the Northridge (California)

earthquake of 1994.
Para 4 of Cl. 6.1.3
This is an important clause for moderate seismic

regions.
The design seismic force provided in the code is
a reduced force considering the overstrength,
redundancy, and ductility.
Hence, even when design wind force exceeds

design seismic force, one needs to comply with
the seismic requirements on design, detailing
and construction.
Soil Structure Interaction (Cl. 6.1.4)
If there is no structure, motion of the ground

surface is termed as Free Field Ground Motion
Normal practice is to apply the free field motion
to the structure base assuming that the base is
fixed.
This is valid for structures located on rock sites.

For soft soil sites, this may not always be a good
assumption.
Soil Structure Interaction (Cl. 6.1.4) Contd
Presence of structure modifies the free field

motion since the soil and the structure interact.
Hence, foundation of the structure experiences

a motion different from the free field ground
motion.
The difference between the two motions is
accounted for by Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
SSI is not the same as Site Effects
Site Effect refers to the fact that free field motion

at a site due to a given earthquake depends on
the properties and geological features of the
subsurface soils also.
SSI Contd
Consideration of SSI generally
Decreases lateral seismic forces on the structure

Increases lateral displacements
Increases secondary forces associated with Pdelta effect.
For ordinary buildings, one usually ignores SSI.

NEHRP Provisions provide a simple procedure to
account for soil-structure interaction in buildings
See Lecture 1 for availability of NEHRP document

at internet
Direction of Ground Motion (Cl. 6.1.5)
During earthquake shaking, ground shakes in all

possible directions.
Direction of resultant shaking changes from

instant to instant.
Basic requirement is that the structure should

be able to withstand maximum ground motion
occurring in any direction.
We already discussed that for most structures,

main concern is for horizontal vibrations rather
than vertical vibrations.
Direction of Ground Motion (Cl. 6.1.5) (contd)
One does not expect the peak ground

acceleration to occur at the same instant in two
perpendicular horizontal directions.
Hence for design, maximum seismic force is not
applied in the two horizontal directions
simultaneously.
If the walls or frames are oriented in two
orthogonal (perpendicular) directions:
It is sufficient to consider ground motion in the

two directions one at a time.
Else, Cl. 6.3.2: will come back to this later.
Building Plans with Orthogonal Systems
walls
Building Plans with Non-Orthogonal Systems

Floor Response Spectrum (Cl. 6.1.6)
In previous lecture, we discussed response

spectrum for ground acceleration.
Equipment located on a floor needs to be
designed for the motion experienced by the
floor.
Hence, the procedure for equipment will be:
Analyze the building for the ground motion.

Obtain response of the floor.
Express the floor response in terms of spectrum
(termed as Floor Response Spectrum)
Design the equipment and its connections with
the floor as per Floor Response Spectrum.
Additions to Existing Structures (Cl. 6.1.7)
Read this clause carefully.

It is an important clause.
Change in Occupancy (Cl. 6.1.8)
The is an important clause.

Read it carefully.
At the end of Lecture 3
Please let me know if the lectures so far have

been too light or too heavy.
Any constructive suggestions on improving the
lectures at this stage?

IS1893 Lecture3

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Lecture 3

This lecture covers

General Principles and Design Criteria (Section 6)

Four main sub-sections

Cl. 6.1: General Principles

This lecture covers the first sub-section: Cl. 6.1

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Ground Motion (cl. 6.1.1)

Usually, the vertical motion is weaker than the

Cl. 3.4.5 of 1984 code specified vertical

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Ground Motion Contd

All structures experience a constant vertical

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Ground Motion Contd

Example: A roof accelerating up and down by

Implies that it is experiencing acceleration in the

Factor of safety for gravity loads (e.g., dead and

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Ground Motion Contd

Main concern is safety for horizontal

Large span structures

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Effects other than shaking

Ground shaking can affect the safety of

Shaking induces inertia force

Cl. 6.1.2 cautions against situations where

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Earthquake Design Principle

Large earthquakes are infrequent as compared

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Earthquake Design Principle (contd)

The criteria is:

Minor (and frequent) earthquakes should not

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Para 1 of this clause implies that Design Basis

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Seismic Design Principle

A well designed structure can withstand a

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

The structure yields at load higher than the

Partial Safety Factors

Partial safety factor on seismic loads

Strength contribution of non-structural elements

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

Yielding at one location in the structure does not

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003

As the structure yields, two things happen:

There is more energy dissipation in the structure

Higher ductility implies that the structure can

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur