CLONING

VIPIN MOHAN
2011-09-112

WHAT IS CLONING ?
The production of multiple, exact copies of a single gene,
DNA fragment, cell line, or organism.
Cloning is the creation of almost genetically identical
organisms.
Cloning are of 3 types,
1. Molecular Cloning
2. Reproductive Cloning
3. Therapeutic Cloning

MOLECULAR
CLONING
The gene of interest is cut from the
genome using restriction enzymes.
It is then joined with a similarly cut
DNA molecule, a plasmid.
Plasmids are self-replicating,
allowing the new recombinant DNA
molecule to produce its gene product
in its new environment.

REPRODUCTIVE
CLONING
The generation of a new animal that has the same nuclear DNA as
a previously existing animal.
Artificial Embryo Twinning: A blastomere is induced to split,
forming identical twins. The technology mimics the natural process
of creating identical twins.
Nuclear Somatic Transfer: The nucleus of an adult body (somatic)
cell is transferred into an egg in which its nucleus is removed.
After treatment to make it begin dividing, the embryo is
transplanted into a host uterus.
Dolly was created using nuclear somatic transfer.
Extremely inefficient, most eggs do not develop into an organism.

THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Uses the process of nuclear somatic
transfer to create an embryo.
However, the embryo is destroyed and
harvested for stem cells.

HUMAN CLONING
Relationship Problems
Threat to a person's individuality & uniqueness
It involves murdering embryo
Human cloning may cause unexpected

demographic changes

BENEFITS OF CLONING
o

Genetically modified animals.

o Infertility patients.

o Preserve and perpetuate good genes

o Cosmetic surgery.
o Health Improvement opportunity.

RISK INVOLVED IN CLONING

Extreamly high failure rate.
Abnormal gene expression.
Telomeric differences

ETHICAL ISSUES
High percentage of animal clones have not implanted or
gestated due to genetic abnormalities

Premature aging
Immuno-failures

Copying an aged cell (Dolly)

 Cloning is unnatural
Science and nature in the real world
Uniformity and individuality

Cloning and human nature

Clones, Twins and playing God

Playing God
The welfare of cloned children
Cloning for infertility treatment and other scenarios

Indias first cloned

Animal.

First cloned endangered

species(Gaur).

Garima

Noah

LEGAL ASPECTS AND ISSUES

Cloning in India is not regulated by legislation
but by ethical guideline adopted by authorised
body.
DBT of ministry of Science and Technology has
adopted ethical policies on the human
genome, genetic research and services.

 Counsil states that since its success, utility and

ethical acceptibility is not yet established , human
cloning shall not be permitted.
India permits cloning of animals and encourage
regulated research in this area.