I.

Background

1. Introduction

Historical:
1920: Bartlane cable picture transmission line (London-New
York) reduced time for transmitting a picture from over a
week to ~ 3 hours, 5 distinct brightness levels,
in 1929 capability increased to 15 levels
--> Not considered digital image processing
1964: First meaningful IM using computers: using computer
techniques for improving images from a space probe at the
Jet Propulsion Lab (California) to correct distortion of
onboard television camera.

1. Introduction

1. Introduction

From 1964 on the field of image processing has

grown to cover many applications such as :
In

medicine : e.g. x-ray picture

Biology: microscopic pictures
Geography: to find pollution patterns
Astronomy
Photography

1. Introduction
X-ray Image

1. Introduction
Satellite Image

1. Introduction

1. Introduction
Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum:
Most images are based on radiation from EM
spectrum.
EM waves are : a stream of massless particles
each traveling in a wavelike pattern at the speed
of light. Each contains a certain amount of
energy called photon.
Spectral bands are grouped according to energy
per photon as in the following figure:

3. Digital Image Fundamentals

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

1. Introduction

Other applications related to the use in

computer processing and machine perception
are (following image processing!):
Automatic character recognition
Industrial machine vision for assembly and
inspection
Military recognizance
Automatic recognition of fingerprints
Machine processing of aerial and satellite images for
weather prediction

1. Introduction

Printed Circuit Board

1. Introduction

Colestrol 40x

Surface of audio
CD1750x.

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing
Image

acquisition:

(monochrome or colour), line

scan camera,
Using Sensors

Camera

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing
Image acquisition: camera

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing
Image acquisition: High Precision,
Single Sensor

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing
Image acquisition: Using Sensor Array

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Image Enhancement: Basic idea is to highlight

features that are obscured, e.g. contrast
enhancement.
.Very subjective!
Image Restoration: Based on mathematical or
probabilistic models.
. Rather objective!

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Color Image Processing: Deals with color

models, basic color processing. Also used for
feature extraction.

Wavelets: Representing images in various

degrees of resolution. (used for image
compression)

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Image Compression: based on redundant

information within image. Apparent in file
extensions, e.g. JPEG (Joint Photographic
Expert Group)

Morphological Processing: Deals with

techniques for extracting image components
that are useful in the representation and
description of shape.

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Segmentation: To partition image into

constituent parts or objects.
It is one of the most difficult tasks.
E.g. extracting characters and words, extracting
faces, lips, ....

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Feature Selection or Extraction: Transform raw

data into form suitable for computer processing
quantitative information basic for differentiating
one class of objects from others.
boundary or region representation or both?
holes and corners are used in character
recognition.

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

2. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image

Processing

Recognition: Assigning a label to an object based

on information of descriptors

3. Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Formation in the Eye

Representing Digital Images

3. Digital Image Fundamentals

Elements of Visual Perception

3. Digital Image Fundamentals

Elements of Visual Perception

3. Digital Image Fundamentals

Representing Digital Images

b=MxNxk
IF N=M
Then
b = N2 x k

4. Digital Image Properties

Histograms:
of intensity (brightness values)
of gradient values

4. Digital Image Properties

Histograms: Examples:

5. Basic Concepts

Convolution
One-Dimensional
Two-Dimensional

Fourier Transform
1D Fourier Transform of continuous signals
2D Fourier Transform of continuous signals
2D Fourier Transform of discrete signals
2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

5. Basic Concepts
Convolution
Convolution: Example

1 1 1
1

1
1
1
=
9
1 1 1

5. Basic Concepts
Convolution
Convolution: Example

1 1 1
1 8 1

1 1 1

5. Basic Concepts

Fourier Transform
1D Fourier Transform of continuous signals
2D Fourier Transform of continuous signals
2D Fourier Transform of discrete signals
2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)