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processing
nd
2
The
Law of Thermodynamics:
everything goes to maximum
randomness (entropy)
Unless you put in energy
Electric, microwave, pressure, thermal, ionizing
152
Oven 350F
292
Broiler @ 2000F
1940
Refrigerator 40F
20
50
100
440
Assume a Room
Temperature of
60F.
Pasteurization:
7 log kill for Salmonella in Milk = 99.99999%
Temperature:
145F (63C)
161F (72C)
212F (100C)
280F (131C)
Time:
30 min
15 sec
0.01sec
6 sec
Pasteurization of eggs:
3 log reduction = 99.9%
Log Numbers
Time (min)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
# survivors
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Log # survivors
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
Log vs linear
Canning:
Invented by Appert in 1790s.
Commercial sterility.
Destroys pathogens and spoilage organisms
that can grow.
Requirements for high acid foods (pH < 4.6)
are not very stringent. Why?
Can be done in a boiling water bath.
Home canned tomatoes, OK
Home canned beans, No
Blanching!
Blanching!
Aims:
Kill pathogens
Reduces bacterial load (Food
is not sterile)
Inactivate enzymes
Advantages:
Minimal damage to flavor,
texture, and nutritional quality.
Disadvantages:
Short shelf life
Another preservation method
must be used, such as
refrigeration or freezing
Examples:
Pasteurization
Blanching
Aims:
Kills all bacteria
Food will be commercially
sterile
Advantages:
Long shelf life
No other preservation method
is necessary
Disadvantages:
Food is over-cooked
Major changes in texture,
flavor, and quality
Examples:
Canning
Freezing:
Micro growth
Slow
Stops
Chemical reactions
Slow
Even Slower
Quality
Fresh
Frozen
Shelf life
Short
Long
Margin of error
Large
contamination)
Freezing:
Slowly:
Water migrates
Freeze pure
Solutes concentrate
Large crystals
Rapidly:
Freezes in place
No solute concentrate
Small crystals
Better structures
Simplified
Energy
Input
Condense
Expand
Freezing:
3 Types:
Plate Freeze
Contact with very cold surface
Blast Freeze
Very cold air
Very high velocity
Immersion
N2
Flash Frozen = IQF
Nonthermal processing
next lecture
High pressure
Irradiation
UV light
Pulse light
High intensity light
Pulsed electric field
Happy Thanksgiving!