Pengetahuan Dasar Batubara

Batubara termasuk dalam batuan sedimen yang

dibentuk dari hasil pengubahan sisa-sisa tumbuhtumbuhan yang terjadi selama puluhan atau ratusan juta
tahun.
Sesuai dengan bahan asalnya batubara terdiri dari
elemen-elemen arang (karbon), oksigen, belerang,
hidrogen, dan beberapa mineral logam dalam bentuk
dan jumlah bayangan (traces). Dengan demikian
kualitas batubara tergantung dari jenis bahan asalnya
dan peningkatan mutu oleh faktor geologi termasuk
gradien geotermal dan sebagainya.

COMPOSITION OF COAL
COAL

Mineral Matter

Ash

LOI

Pure Coal
(C,H,N,O,S,N, Trace elements)

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Moisture

Inherent
Moisture

Adherent
Moisture

LOI : loss on ignition

Kandungan Unsur Kimia Dalam

Batubara
Secara kimia, batubara tersusun atas tiga komponen
utama, yaitu:
1. Air yang terikat secara fisika dan dapat dihilangkan
pada suhu sampai 105 o C disebut Moisture;
2. Senyawa batubara atau coal substance atau coal
matter;

3. Zat mineral atau mineral matter

SKEMA SUSUNAN KIMIA BATUBARA

Free
Moisture

Total
Moisture
Residual
Moisture

Volatile
Matter

Organic
Matter
(pure
coal)

Fixed
Carbon

Mineral
Matter

Volatil
e
MM

Ash

Raw Coal

Airdry
Coal

Dry
Coal

Raw
Coke

Pure
Coke

Moisture terdiri dari satu senyawa kimia tunggal ,

wujudnya dapat berbentuk air dalam batubara,
berbentuk senyawa teradsorpsi, dan sebagai senyawa
yang terikat secara kimia.
Sebagian dari moisture merupakan komponen dari zat
mineral dan tidak terikat pada batubara.
Moisture yang datang dari luar yaitu pada waktu
batubara ditambang, diangkut atau kehujanan selama
penyimpanan disebut Free Moisture (moisture jenis ini
dapat dihilangkan dengan cara dikering-udarakan)

Total Moisture adalah penjumlahan dari free

moisture dan moisture in air-dried sample atau residual
moisture

Proses Pembentukan Endapan Batubara

Tahapan Dalam Proses Pembentukan Batubara

TIDAK TERBARUKAN

TERJADINYA DITENTUKAN OLEH PROSES

GEOLOGI:
- SIFAT KIMIA DAN FISIKA TERTENTU
- KUANTITAS DAN KUALITAS TIDAK MERATA
- PENYEBARAN DAN BENTUK TIDAK TERATUR
( TIDAK MENGENAL BATAS ADMINISTRASI )

UMUMNYA MEMPUNYAI RISIKO TINGGI YANG

MEMERLUKAN TAHAPAN KEGIATAN
SISTIMATIK
PEMETAAN GEOLOGI, PENYELIDIKAN UMUM,
EKSPLORASI, STUDI KELAYAKAN,
KONSTRUKSI, EKSPLOITASI, PENGOLAHAN
DAN TRANSPORTASI

NILAI EKONOMINYA SANGAT DIPENGARUHI

OLEH TEKNOLOGI, POLEKSOSBUD, KEBIJAKAN
FISKAL, INDUSTRI, PASAR DAN GEOGRAFI
( INFRASTRUKTUR / LOKASI )

Tangse
(Cu)

Cu

Bangkinang
(S n)

Bulagidun
(Cu,Au)
Tapadaa
Malala
(Cu)
(Mo)

G. Bawang
(Mo)

S ingkep
(S n)

Sn

Kelian( Au)

Sn

G. Pani
(Au, Cu)

6
Sn

Lebong Tandai
(Au, Ag)
Rawas
(Au)

S . Liat & Belinyu

(S n)

MT. Muro
(Au,Ag)

Sn

Kelapa Kampit
(S n)

Sekko
(Cu)

S angkaropi
(Cu)

Baturape (P b)

300

600

Kilometer
Tanj ung Buli
(Ni, Co)
P. Gebe
(Ni,Co)

11

P eg. Cycloop
(Ni,Co)
Kaputusan
(Cu)

P omala
(Ni,Co)

Barru

Lampung
(Au) Cikotok

Gosowong
(Au)

S oroako
(Ni, Co)

(Cr)
Cempaka
Meratus
(Pt)
(Ni)

G. Pongkor
(Au,Ag)

Ratatotok
(Au)

Loloda
(Cu,Mn)

Au

Lerokis/Kalikuning
(Au, Ag)

Grasberg
(Cu, Au)
G. Bij ih
(Cu, Au)

(Au)

Cibuniasih
(Pb, Au)

BUSU

Selogiri S anenrej o
(Au) (Cu, Au)
Salopa/Cineam
(Au)

R MA
GM

ATIK

Batuhij au
(Cu,Au)

SUNDA -

BANDA

KETERANGAN
Vulkanik Kuarter
Vulkanik Tersier
Vulkanik Pra Tersier

Sedimen dan Vulkanik

Paleozoikum - Mesozoikum
Sedimen dan Vulkanik
Mesozoikum - Kenozoikum

Ni-Co dalam batuan Ultramafik

Au-Cu dalam batuan Asam-Intermediet

Keterdapatan Mineral
Tambang Aktif

Cr-Fe dalam batuan Ultramafik

Granit Tersier

Bauksit-Timah dalam Granit

Granit Pra Tersier

Au- Cu - Mo Porpiri dalam batuan Granit

Batuan Basa-Ultrabasa
Sedimen Tersier-Kuarter

SIMPLIKASI ZONA MINERALISASI BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN BATUAN INDUK (DIADOPSI DARI BEBERAPA SUMBER)

Busur Aceh

Busur Sulawesi Timur - Mindanau

Tangse
(Cu)

Busur Kalimantan Tengah

Busur Halmahera

Cu

Bangkinang
(S n)

Bulagidun
(Cu,Au)

G. Bawang
(Mo)
Malala
(Mo)

S ingkep
(S n)

Sn

Sn

G. Pani
(Au, Cu)

Sn

Lebong Tandai
(Au, Ag)
Rawas
(Au)

MT. Muro
(Au,Ag)

Sn

Kelapa Kampit
(S n)

Lampung
(Au)

Tapadaa
(Cu)

Kelian( Au)

S . Liat & Belinyu

(S n)

Sekko
(Cu)

Gosowong
(Au)

S oroako
(Ni, Co)

S angkaropi
(Cu)

Baturape (P b)

300

600250

500

Kilometer

Kilometer
Tanj ung Buli
(Ni, Co)
Busur Irianj aya Tengah
P. Gebe
(Ni,Co)
P eg. Cycloop
(Ni,Co)

Kaputusan
(Cu)

P omala
(Ni,Co)

Barru

(Cr)
Sumatera - Meratus ArcCempaka
Meratus
G. Pongkor
(Pt)
(Au,Ag)
(Ni)
Busur Sumatera - Meratus

Ratatotok
(Au)

Loloda
(Cu,Mn)

Au

Lerokis/Kalikuning
(Au, Ag)

Grasberg
(Cu, Au)
G. Bij ih
(Cu, Au)

Cikotok
(Au)
S elogiri S anenrej o
(Au)
(Cu, Au)
S alopa/Cineam
(Au)

Batuhij au
(Cu,Au)

Busur Sunda - Banda

KETERANGAN
MIOSEN AKHIR - PLIOSEN

Keterdapatan Mineral

PALEOSEN - TERSIER TENGAH

Tambang aktif
KAPUR AKHIR

PENYEBARAN BUSUR MAGMATIK BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MINERALISASI DI INDONESIA

RISIKO DAN BIAYA EKSPLORASI

SUMBERDAYA MINERAL DAN
BATUBARA
RISIKO

BIAYA

WILAYAH
SURVAI
TINJAU
100 %
N Ha

WILAYAH
CADANGAN

40

PERTAMBANGAN

<10 %
N Ha

20
10

SURVAI DASAR PENYELIDIKAN EKSPLORASI

GEOLOGI
UMUM
SUMBERDAYA

STUDI
KELAYAKAN

ENDAPAN
HIPOTETIK

SUMBERDAYA
TEREKA

TERTUNJUK/
TERUKUR

CADANGAN
TERBUKTI

WAKTU (TH)
KONSTRUKSI
DAN EKSPLOITASI
CADANGAN
LAYAK TAMBANG

Klasifikasi Sumber Daya dan Cadangan PBB

Classification of Coals
Scientific classification

Coalification

High

Low
Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Brown-Coal Peat

Commercial classification

Utilization

Coking coal
Stream coal
Anthacite

for coke and gas

for power generation
for briquetting

Scientific Classification
Classification

Contents

Etc.

Rank

Vitrinte mean random refrectance (%)

Gross calorific value (MJ/kg)

ECE-UN

Petrographic
Content

Maceral group analysis

(vitirnite,liptinite,mmf volume %)

ECE-UN

Grade

Ash (mineral matter) content (%,db)

ECE-UN

C%

Carbon content (% daf)

Geological era

Paleozoic, Jurassiera

Original plants

Terrestrial, aqua plant

Scientific Classification
ESE-UN in Seam Coal Classification, 1993

R
High Rank

Medium Rank

Low Rank

Antharacite

Bituminous

Sub-bituminous
Lignite

Meta

> 4.0

Ortho

2.5-4.0

Semi

2.0-2.5

Meta

1.4-2.0

Ortho

1.0-1.4

Semi

0.6-1.0
0.4-0.6
0.4<

R : Reflectance of vitrinite

Commercial Classification
1.

Standard for coal classification

International classification

2.

For utilization
Stream Coal, Coking Coal, Anthracite

3.

By size
Run-of-mine Coal

> 50 mm

Lump Coal
Coarse Grain Coal
Fine Grain Coal

38-50 mm
25-37 mm
<25 mm

Small Coal

>1-3

mm

Very Fine Coal

< 3

mm

Proved Recoverable Reserves

WEC 1998
[Mtonnes]

Bituminous
+ Anthracite
USA

Subbituminous

Lignite

Total

Share (%)

111,338

97,472

33,327

246,643

25.1

Russian

49,008

33,700

10,450

157,010

16.0

Chinna

62,200

1,900

18,600

114,500

11.6

Australia

47,300

--

41,200

90,400

9.2

India

72,733

--

2,000

74,733

7.6

South Africa

55,333

--

--

55,333

5.6

Germany

24,000

--

43,000

67,000

6.8

8,749

43,971

47,122

178,592

18.1

509,491

279,021

195,699

984,211

100

Others
Word Total

Coal and Their Uses

High

High

Carbon/Energy Content

Moisture Content

Coal

(%:World Reserves)

Hard Coal
50%
Anthracite
-1%

Low Rank Coal

50%
Bituminous
49%

Metallurgical
(Coking Coal)

Uses

Domestic/
Industrial
generation

Sub-bituminous
19%

Lignite
31%

Thermal
(Steam Coal)

Manufacture
of iron and stell
smokeless fuel

Power Generation Largely power

Cement manufacture
Industrial isues

Basis of Analysis
Received/sampled/dispatched base

Air dried base (a.d.)

Dried base (d.b.)
Dry,ash-free base (d.a.f.)
Dry,mineral-matter-free (d.m.m.f.)

Ash

LOI

Mineral Matter

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Pure Coal (C,H,N,O,S,etc)

Inherent Moisture

Adherent
Moisture

Moisture

COAL
LOI : loss on ignition

Coal Analysis by Different Base

As received

Dry basis

Dry, ash free

Proximate Analysis (wt%)

Moisture
Ash
Volatile Matter
Fixed Carbon

3.4
9.5
20.6
66.5

--9.8
21.3
68.9

----23.7
76.4

Ultimate Analysis (wt%)

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

77.29
4.59
5.61
1.73
1.31

80.00
4.36
2.69
1.79
1.36

88.69
4.83
2.99
1.98
1.51

Calorific Value (MJ/kg)

Gross

31.68

32.79

36.15

Classification of Coal in Use

Steam Coal

Coking Coal

Anthracite

Direct use

Pulverized coal combustion

Fluidized bed combustion
Stoker combustion
Pulverized coal injection

Processing

CWM
CCS

Atomizing combustion
Pulverizing coal combustion

Conversion

Gasification

Combined cycle generation

Raw material for chemicals

Liquefaction

Alternative fuel

Coke

Iron making

Tar

Raw material for chemicals

Carbonization

Carbon material, Briquette

Example of Coal Quality for Power Generation

Evaluation Items

Unit

Limit

Kcal/kg

> 6,200

Wt%

< 20

---

< 2.2

Nitrogen (d.b.)

Wt%

< 1.7

Total sulfure

Wt%

< 1.0

Size distribution(-2mm)

Wt%

< 30

Ash / Initial deformation temp.

> 1,150

Ash / Hemisphere temp.

> 1,150

Wt%

< 2.0

---

< 1.0

Ohm-cm

< 1013

Gross calorific value (a.d.)

Total moisture (a.d.)

Fuel ratio (FC/VM)

Na2O in ash
Basicity of ash (CaO+MgO) / Fe2O3

Ash electric resistivity

Coal Properties Required for Combustion

Chemical Properties :
1.
Total moisture
2.
Ash content
3.
Volatile matter
4.
Calorific value
5.
Sulfur content
6.
Chlorine content
7.
Trace element
8.
Swelling and agglomerating
behavior
9.
Reflectance and petrographic
content

Ash
1.
2.
3.
4.

Properties :
Ash composition
Ash fusion temperature
Slagging and fouling Indices
Ash electric resistivity

Physical Properties :
1.
HGI
2.
Abrasion index
3.
Friability
4.
Dustiness

Evaluation Indices for Combustion

Evaluation Items

Indices

Combustibility (burn out)

Fuel ratio (FC/VM), VM

NOx emissions

Nitrogen content, Fuel ratio

Slagging property

Ash fusion temp.,B/A ratio, Slagging index

Heat transfer property

(Slagging&Fouling property)

Electrostatic precipitability

Ash composition, Particle size profile,

Intrinsic electric resistance

Grindability

HGI

Handling property

Moisture, Particle size profile, Fine particle

Spontaneous combustibility

O/C, VM, Fuel ratio

Coal dust dispersion

Moisture, HGI, Fine particle

Coal Properties for Other Uses

1.

2.

Gasification
More active sites
Higher porosity
Higher calcium content
Low ash fusion temperature
Liquefaction
High volatile matter
High vitrinite content
Low ash content
High ash fusion temperature

Environmental Impact of Coal

3. Steel-making
1)
2)
3)
4)

Chemical properties
Rheological properties
Petrographical composition
Coke strength prediction

Environmental Impact of Coal

1.
2.

3.

4.

Coal production
Dust, Mine waste disposal, Mine water drainage
Coal preparation
Solid waste disposal, Liquid waste disposal,
Noise and vibration, Process water,
Particulate and gaseous effluents
Coal transportation and storage
Dust, Pipeline slurry, Spontaneous combustion,
Surface water run - off
Coal utilization
CO2, SOx, NOx, Solid waste disposal

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
NOx, Sox, Dust
Present Regulation
NOx 20 ~ 50 ppm
SOx 20 ~ 50 ppm
Dust 10 ~ 20 mg/Nm3
Future Regulation
NOx 10 ppm
SOx 10 ppm
Dust 10 mg/Nm3
Triple Ten

Trace Element
Present Regulation (ash Disposal)
Pd < 0.3 mg/l, Cd < 0.3 mg/l
Se < 0.3 mg/l, Hg < 0.005 mg/l
As < 0.3 mg/l, Cr < 1.5 mg/l
Future Regulation

Waste Water B, F, Ni, Mo,.

Air Pollution Cl, F, Hg

CHANGE OF REQUIRED COAL QUALITY

At Present
Customer Needs
Decrease of fuel cost
Expansion of supplying country

Required Coal Quality

Low sulfur and nitrogen
High volatile matter
Non-trouble handling

Combustion Process
Pulverized coal combustion
Fluidized bed combustion

In The Future
Customer Needs
Decrease of fuel cost
New environ mental regulation

Required Coal Quality

Low rank coal
Low Na, Ca
Low Cl, F, Trace elements(Se.)

Combustion Process
PFBC
IGCC etc