Teras Kutub

Armature
Belitan
medan

Carbon
brush holder

comutator

A typical DC motor

An exploded view of a DC motor. This diagram shows the relationship of

all of the components.

(a) Armature and commutator segments. (b) Armature prior to the coil's wire
being installed. (c) Coil of wire prior to being pressed into the armature. (d) A
coil pressed into the armature. The end of each coil is attached to a
commutator segment.

(a) This diagram shows the

location of the pole pieces in
the frame of a DC motor. (b)
This diagram shows an
individual pole piece. You can
see that it is made of
laminated sections. The field
coils are wound around the
pole pieces.

The armature (rotor) of a DC motor has coils of wire wrapped around its
core. The ends of each coil are terminated at commutator segments
located on the left end of the shaft. The brushes make contact on the
commutator to provide current for the armature.

The stationary part of a DC motor has the field coils mounted in it.

Belitan
medan

Belitan Kutub
Antara

Teras Kutub

Simple electrical diagram of DC shunt motor. This

diagram shows the electrical relationship between the
field coil and armature.

BELITAN GELOMBANG

Belitan ombak/gelombang C = 2

Belitan gelombong memerlukan :-

Sekurang-kurangnya dua berus tetapi

bilangan berus maksimum sama
banyaknya dengan kutub .
Hanya dua laluan selari melalui angker
dalam satu belitan gelombang yang
lengkap tanpa mengira bilangan berus .

BELITAN LAPIS, C = 2P

BELITAN LAPIS/TINDIH

Secara am , belitan tindih/lapis

memerlukan:Berus sama banyak dengan kutub
Laluan selari melalui angker sama
banyak dengan kutub

MOTOR SIRI AT

Electrical diagram of series motor. Notice that the series field is

identified as S1 and S2.

The relationship between series motor speed and the armature

current.

MOTOR PIRAU AT

Diagram of DC shunt motor. Notice the shunt coil is identified as a coil of

fine wire with many turns that is connected in parallel (shunt) with the
armature.

curve that shows the armature current versus the armature speed
for a shunt motor. Notice that the speed of a shunt motor is nearly
constant.

MOTOR MAJMUK AT

(a) Diagram of a cumulative compound motor, (b) Diagram of a differential

compound motor, (c) Diagram of an interpole compound motor.

(a) Characteristic curve of armature current versus speed for the

differential compound motor and cumulative compound motor, (b)
Composite of the characteristic curves for all of the DC motors.

Pengiraan Motor A.T

Apabila angker motor at berputar, dge
akan terjana & arahnya adalah
berlawanan dgn voltan bekalan.
DGE ini dikenali sbg DGE balik.
Formula yg digunakan:
V = Eb + IaRa atau Eb = V - IaRa

Contoh Soalan:
Sebuah motor at di sambung kpd bekalan
240V. Rintangan angker 0.2. Tentukan
nilai DGE balik jika arus angker ialah 50A
Eb = V IaRa
= 240 (50 x 0.2)
= 240 10
= 230V

The armature of dc machine has a resistance of 0.25

and is connected to a 300V supply. Calculate the emf
generated when it is running :
a.
as a generator giving 100A.
b.
as a motor taking 80A

a. As a generator, generated emf:

E = V + IaRa
= 300 + (100 x 0.25) = 300 + 25= 325V
b. As a motor, generated emf (or back emf):
Eb = V IaRa
= 300 (80 x 0.25) = 300 20 = 280V

Daya Kilas (Tork) Mesin AT

Dari persamaan; V = Eb + IaRa

Darabkan persamaan diatas dgn Ia:
VIa = EbIa + IaRa
VIa = Jumlah kuasa elektrik yg dibekal
kpd angker
EbIa= Jumlah kuasa mekanikal yg
dihasilkan oleh angker.
IaRa = Kehilangan kuasa oleh belitan
angker

Jika T ialah tork dlm N-m,

Oleh itu kuasa mekanikal yg terhasil adalah:
T = 2nT = EbIa

Tork, T = EbIa
2n

Juga : Eb = 2pZn
c
P

Z
n
c

=
=
=
=
=
=

pasang kutub
fluks/kutub (Wb)
Bil. Pengalir angker
kelajuan dlm rev/s
2 ; belitan ombak
2p ; belitan lapis @ tindih

Formula diatas boleh juga ditulis spt berikut:

Eb = 2pZN
60c

2nT = EbIa = ( 2pZn

c
T = pZIa
c

Ia

) Ia

Sebuah motor dc 8 kutub dgn lilitan ombak mempunyai 900 pengalir

angker. Fluks berguna per kutub ialah 25mWb. Tentukan nilai daya
kilas apabila arus 30A mengalir melalui angker.

T = pZIa
c
= 4 x 25 x 10-3 x 900 x 30
x2
= 429.7 Nm

Tentukan nilai T yg terbina apabila motor at dgn voltan bekalan

350V mempunyai rintangan angker 0.5 dan kelajuan putaran ialah
15rev/s. Arus angker ialah 60A

= EbIa
2n
Eb = V IaRa
= 350 (60)(0.5)
= 350 30 = 320V
T

= EbIa = 320 x 60
2n
2 x 3.14 x 15

= 203.7 Nm

A six-pole lap-wound motor is connected to a 250V dc

supply. The armature has 500 conductors and a resistance
of 1 ohm. The flux per pole is 20mWb. Calculate (a) the
speed and (b) the torque developed when the armature
current is 40A
a. Eb = V IaRa = 250 (40 x 1) = 210V
Eb = 2pZN
60c
N = 60cEb
2pZ

= 60 x 2 x 3 x 210
2 x 3 x 20 x 10-3 x 500
= 1260 rpm

b. T = EbIa
2n
= 210 x 40 x 60

2 x x 1260
= 63.7 Nm

DC machine losses

The principal losses of machine are:

a. Copper loss due to I2R heat losses in
the armature and field windings
b. Iron (core) loss due to hysteresis &
eddy-current losses in the armature.
This loss can be reduced by
constructing the armature of silicon steel
laminations.

c.

Friction & windage losses due to bearing

& brush contact friction & loss due to
air resistance against moving parts
(called windage)

d.

Brush contact loss between the brushes

& commutator. This loss is
approximately propotional to the load
current

Kecekapan motor AT
Kecekapan = kuasa keluaran
kuasa masukan

X 100%

Kuasa masukan = VI
Kuasa keluaran = kuasa masukan - kehilangan
kuasa

Kehilangan kuasa = kehilangan kuprum + kehilangan besi +

geseran + angin

= Ia Ra + If V + C

C = kehilangan besi + geseran + angin

Kecekapan = kuasa masukan - kehilangan kuasa X 100%
kuasa masukan

=1

kehilangan
kuasa masukan

100%

Sebuah motor pirau 320V mengambil arus 80A dan berputar pd

kelajuan 1000 rpm. Jika jumlah kehilangan besi, geseran dan angin
ialah 1.5KW. Diberi rintangan medan pirau Rf = 40, rintangan angker
Ra = 0.2, tentukan kecekapan motor tersebut

Arus medan, If = V/Rf = 320 / 40 = 8A

Arus angker Ia = I If = 80 8 = 72A
Kuasa masukan = VI = 320 x 80 = 25600 W
Kehilangan kuasa =Ia Ra + If V + C
= (72) x 0.2 + 8 x 320 + 1500
= 1036.8 + 2560 +1500 = 5096.8 W

Kecekapan = 1
= 1-

kehilangan
x
kuasa masukan
5096.8
x 100%
25600

= (1 0.1991) x 100%
= 80.1%

100%