Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Responsibilities?
People enjoy what technology can do for them while often ignoring what it can do to them
--Edward Wenk
Counterargument
Counterargument
Engineers, because they know the technology at the most intimate level,
are aware of its risks and limits as well as its benefits
Engineers could be educated to become more aware of their ethical
responsibilities and how to make ethically responsible decisions regarding
its design, development, and deployment
The individual engineer is not qualified to make judgments as to the ethical acceptability or
unacceptability of technology
The choices as to which technology should be designed or built can only be made on the basis of
systems of human values incapable of validation by the scientific and/or the engineering method
It is not the engineer's job, in his or her daily work, to second-guess prevailing standards of safety or
pollution control, nor to challenge democratically established public policy." (Florman)
Counterargument
Engineers cannot escape social responsibilities for choice of action by alleging some kind of
objectivity not possessed by the layperson or lay citizenry or by claiming incompetence and/or
ignorance as to the social impact of his/her design, and the corresponding public sentiment about
it.
Whose interests does it serve? Does it serve corporate interests at the expense of the interests of
the public when it comes to risk or harm to the citizenry?
11
Codes of Ethics
Professionalism
Social Contract Model
Engineering Societies
Principle of Proportionate Care
Engineering as Social Experimentation
The Intrinsic Purpose of Engineering
Itself
8. The Impacts of Technology on Society
16
18
ARTICLE IV
Engineers shall, in fulfilling their responsibilities to the
community:
Protect the safety, health and welfare of the public and
speak out against abuses in these areas affecting
the public interest;
Contribute professional advice, as appropriate, to civic,
charitable or other non-profit organizations;
Seek to extend public knowledge and appreciation of the
engineering profession and its achievements
20
Professionalism
WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL?
Models of Professionalism
Business Model
*
22
MODELS OF PROFESSIONALISM
Social Contract Model
Professionals are guardians of the public trust
Professions are social institutionsthey are organized
by some act of society and are granted special powers in
return for socially beneficial goods and services
(Licensure)
An implicit, unstated agreement exists between
professional and society
Society may subsidize training of professionals
23
26
All things being equal, one should exercise due care to avoid
contributing to significantly harming others
Principle of Proportionate Care
Engineering is the science and art of efficient dealing with materials and forces
... it involves the most economic design and execution ... assuring, when
properly performed, the most advantageous combination of accuracy, safety,
durability, speed, simplicity, efficiency, and economy possible for the
conditions of design and service.
1964)
36
Defining Engineering
Defining Engineering
Scientist discovers that which exists. An
engineer creates that which never was
Theodore von Karman (1881-1963)
38
Engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics is derived from the awesome power of modern
technology
The institutionalization of engineering ethics is a social necessity
due to the fact that the actions of engineers can have such
enormous impact on the lives of individuals, states, cultures, the
environment, and the entire planet
An engineer is a professional who uses technologiesand the
knowledge that he possesses of diverse technical systems: objects
of all kinds, and in particular, machines, tools and systemsto
create other technical systems that satisfy human needs and wellbeing
It is necessary to develop with rigor and depth a concept of ethics
and responsibility commensurate with our immense technological
powers in order to advance to a safer and more just world
42
Greatest Engineering
Achievements of the 20th Century
The National Academy of Engineering published a list of
the 20th century's most notable engineering
achievements. Some of the top achievements include:
electrification
--automobile
airplane
--water supply and distribution
electronics
--radio and television
Computers
--agricultural mechanization
Spacecraft
--household appliances
internet; telephone
--highways; imaging
health technologies
--petroleum technologies
high-performance materials.
44
48
Engineering
Science
Humanities
Natural Science
Humanities
50
Engineering as a Humanity
Is Engineering more like Natural Science
or more like a field of studies in the
Humanities?
If you look at the very definition of
engineering, you will see that engineering
is intimately connected to the humanities
because it is the application of scientific
theory to solve certain problems of
humanitynamely its need for technology
51
PRINCIPLES
Suggests that engineers can and
should act amorally
It is not fair or useful to have
engineers impose their personal views
on society
PROBLEMS
Contradicts very idea of a profession
Assumes market and regulation will
properly filter out bad projects and
give the public what it wants or is
best for it
The system bears all the
responsibilities
57
58
Engineers should refuse to work on projects they deem to conflict with their
(personal) morals
PRINCIPLES
Individual conscience used to make
professional judgments
Engineers should direct their skills
only for projects of positive value to
humanity
Matters of conscience, and matters
of safety and welfare of society
inextricably linked
PROBLEMS
Principle empty of content
(what does positive mean?)
Fails to draw the line between
personal and professional ethics
(too much reliance on personal choices
to decide what is ethical)
Fails to provide ethical guidelines
for engineers to follow
59
Engineers should refuse to work on projects that increase societal risk or degrade
public safety unless the public is informed and consents
PRINCIPLES
PROBLEMS
Personal and
Professional Values
Risk and
Public Consent
Conclusions:
Provides a framework for analysis (not a solution) about issues of military research
Engineers should not abdicate their responsibilities (cannot justify : GFH view)
61
Ethical issues in military research are matters of both personal conscience and professional judgment
Engineering Practice
Ordinary Morality
Comparison
To other Professions
Three Levels of
Analysis
Social Contract
1. Individual role responsibility
2. Rules of the profession
3. Highest goods and Principles
62
Society
Autonomy
Funding and educational opportunities
Control over licensing and entry requirements
High prestige and economic standing
Problems:
1. The rights to do engineering work is not reserved for engineers
(counterpoint): The rights only apply to licensed engineers
(P.E.s)a small number or practicing engineers
2. Engineers do not exercise sufficient autonomy or power to
protect society
(counterpoint): the profession of engineering, in instituting
mechanisms for regulating its members, receives contractual
rights and therefore bears collective (professional) responsibility
64
2. A direct connection between ones power to affect a situation and ones responsibility to
take care
3. Engineers have special expertise and engineering projects do pose potentially grave
social harms (risks)
Problems:
1. Does not apply just to engineers (managers have the power; engineers lack autonomy)
2. The concept exercising due care is vague (whistle blowing, other acts of dissent)
3. The focus on harm shifts attention from what engineering projects do: pose RISKS
4. The issue is not: Will I contribute to significant harm?; rather it is How much risk will
there be? Is the risk worth the benefit? What is an acceptable degree of risk?
5. Engineer-Management relations (Ford Pinto; Challenger; DC-10): Engineers acted
responsibly; Managers acted irresponsibly)
65
69
Technological Optimism
Thesis: Technology gives rise to powerful
enabling factors which greatly enhance
human powers and helps maximize
human freedom, decreases human
disease, and creates abundant material
wealth and well-being which heightens
improved social standards
71
Technological Pessimism
Antithesis: Technological Determinism
Technology can have a life of its own
It exhibits an inner logic or momentum of development that makes it
autonomous and beyond human control
Technological development takes place without a plan and without
regard to values and to the final ends and purposes of technology
The influence of technology is all-pervasive
The level of technology in any period in history determines the way
in which the majority of people can earn their living and spend the
majority of their time
The comforts and advantages of technology are like addictions that
hook us
Those who try to rebel are rendered ineffective and ultimately
destroyed
72
Technological Democratism
Synthesis: Technology is mediated, both acting
on and acted upon by society. Technology is so
powerful that philosophical thought about its
development and use is seriously needed
Responsibility of being accountable for the
effects of technology on our lives and the ways
in which technology may involve values and
possible hidden social agendas
Responsibility for engineers, corporations, and
society to deliberate together about how
technology can best be developed and used to
promote the social and human good
73
Professional Dilemma
On the one hand, professionals like engineers
may sometimes do things for clients/employers
with which they do not completely agree with
morally
Lawyers defend a clients foreclosure of a poor
family
Doctors contraception; abortion
Engineers military; environment