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CHAPTER 3

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ARITHMETIC
INSTRUCTIONS

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The x86 Microprocessor - Lyla B Das

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Table 3.4 | Full Set of Arithmetic

Instructions

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Table 3.4 | Full Set of Arithmetic

Instructions Contd.

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Carry Flag Control Instructions

i) CLC Clear carry.
ii) STC Set carry.
iii) CMC Complement carry

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The x86 Microprocessor - Lyla B Das

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Example 3.11

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Example 3.12
Adds 10 bytes stored in memory. The sum of

these ten bytes will not fit into a byte location.

So a word location is to be allocated for the
sum.

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Example 3.12 Contd.

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Example 3.17
Find the biggest of 10 bytes stored in memory.

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The x86 Microprocessor - Lyla B Das

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Example 3.17 Solution

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Example 3.19
Two bytes stored in the data segment are

multiplied. The result of multiplication is

available in AX, which is then moved to the
location PROD, a word location. Write a
program for this.

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Example 3.19 Solution

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Table 3.7: LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS | List of

Logical Instructions and Functions Performed
by them

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Example 3.23
Find the result and the state of the flags CF,

ZF and OF due to the following instructions.

Given AX = 008CH, BX = 345EH, CX = 67EBH
i) AND BL, CL
ii) OR AH, BH
iii) XOR AL, CH
iv) TEST AH, BL

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Typical Applications of Logical

Instructions

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Use of the TEST instruction

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Shift and Rotate Instructions

Table 3.8 | List of the Shift and Rotate Instructions

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Features of the shift instruction

Shift instructions do arithmetic or logical shifting.
They also shift right or left.
Arithmetic shift is used for signed number operations, while

logical shift caters to unsigned numbers.

Shifting right causes a divide by 2, for each bit position shifted,

while shifting left corresponds to a multiplication by 2.

The count means the number of bit positions, by which shifting

is to be done.
If the count > 1, load it in CL, otherwise use 1 in the
immediate mode.
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SHIFT LEFT
SAL/SHL Shift Left

Arithmetic/Shift Left
Logical.
Usage: SAL/SHL dest,
count.

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SHIFT LEFT
Examples:
SHL BX, 1
SAL AL, CL
SHL DATA2, CL
SHL BYTE PTR [BX][DI], 1
SAL WORD PTR [DI], CL

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Example 3.24
Find the weight of modulo sum of two

numbers

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Example 3.24 Solution

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SHIFT RIGHT
SHR Shift Right Logical.
Usage: SHR dest,

count

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SHIFT RIGHT
Examples
SHR DX, 1
SHR WORD PTR [SI] THERE, CL
SHR CH, CL
SHR BYTE PTR [BP][SI], 1

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Example 3.25
Convert a packed BCD byte to two unpacked

bytes

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Example 3.25 Solution

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Rotate Instructions
ROL Rotate Left
Usage: ROL dest,

count
Modifies Flags: CF OF

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Rotate Left
Examples:
ROL SI, CL
ROL BYTE PTR [DI][BX], 1

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ROR Rotate Right

Usage: ROR dest, count
Modifies Flags: CF OF

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Rotate through carry

RCL Rotate Through Carry

Left.
Usage: RCL dest, count.
Modifies Flags: CF OF

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Rotate left through carry

Examples
RCL BL, CL
RCL CX, 1

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Rotate right through carry

RCR Rotate Through Carry Right.
Usage: RCR dest, count
Modifies Flags: CF OF

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Rotate right through carry Contd.

Examples
RCR BYTE PTR [SI], 1
RCR WORD PTR [DI][BX], CL

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Example 3.27
Find the values in the

destination for each line

of this program segment

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Example 3.27 Solution

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