URBANIZATION

------ Process of becoming Urban

Population
Structural transformation
Socio-Psychological

Lowest level of economic zone.

Lowest level of life expectancy.
Level of education.
Migration in volume.
Massive slum areas.
Revolutionary takeover of governments
Involvement of both.

URBANIZATION PROCESS
Population shift
Occupation & land use shift
Rise in income

Improvement in
standard of living

Change in life style

1850 - 15

1898 - 16980500

1898 - 16980500

Causes:
Agriculture improvement
Industrialization
Market forces
Growth of service
Improvements in transportation & Communication
Emergence of socio-cultural centers

Growth :
Demographic

Economic

Psychological

Rate of Growth :

Trends in Development:
Sub-Urbanization
Urban Renewal

Megalopolitan

-improvement
-gentrification
-displacement
-Polycentric
-Monocentric

SUB-URBANIZATION
---- Homogenous

Suburbanization triggered by
lower land values outside the city
centers, not ethnic separation.

URBAN RENEWAL
---- Redevelopment / Conservation / Remodeling
Improvements
Gentrification
Displacement

URBAN RENEWAL GOALS

Promote Public and Private improvements
Rehabilitate Building Stock
Improve Streets, Streetscapes, Parks and
Open Spaces
Make Utility Improvements
Construct or Rehabilitate Parking Facilities
Construct or Rehabilitate Public Facilities
Improve and Expand Housing Opportunities
Improve Public Signage

MEGALOPOLITAN
Comprising -----Types:
-Polycentric
-Monocentric

Physical expansion

INDIAN URBANIZATION
Human Settlement pattern 400 persons per sq km.
Have
-Municipal Corporation
-Municipal Council / Nagar Panchayat
-Cantonment Board


"The arrangements, activities and
inputs people undertake in a certain land
cover type to produce, change or maintain it"

URBAN USAGE

Increasing in all
directions due to the policy
decisions of
(i) industrialization
(ii) boost to information
technology and
biotechnology sector
Urban 1.87(year 1973)
to
28.47% (year 2010)
Vegetation 62.38
to
36.48%.

BROADLY DIVIDED INTO.

Sub-urbanization
Metropolitanisation
Urban-commercialization
Rural-urbanization

Sub-urbanization:
Villages

Residential
Industrial

Larger accommodation
&
Cheaper

Metropolitanisation:

-Rapid growth
Migration,
-Product of centralization,
-communication network,
-Critical size.

Cosmopolitan
(World citizen)

Urban-commercialization :

----Growth of industrial cities.

-Localized resource

Rural-urbanization :

-Growth of small village & large central village.

Enclaved

Economic
structure

STATISTICAL PROFILE

CLASSIFICTION
Class

Range of population

No of towns/cities

Class I

100,000 and above

393

Class II

50,000 to 99,999

401

Class III

20,000 to 49,999

1151

Class IV

10,000 to 19,999

1344

5,000 to 9,999

888

Below 5,000

191

Class V
Class VI

DOUBTS ON ?????
Pattern & Trend
Economic growth & development
Amenities & community facilities
Community & quality of life
Policies & programs

URBAN PROBLEMS
Planning & policy issue
Shelter settlements
Action programs

URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Problems of planning
Special features
Planning horizons
Land use planning
Appropriate technology
New concepts

URBAN HOUSING
&
URBAN LAND

HOUSING

Dwelling units:
EWS
LIG
MIG

1.
2.

About 28% of Indias Population

lives in Urban Areas and 23.1%
of the Urban Population lives in
slums
About 28% of the total Urban
Population lives below poverty

1.

Slum Dwellers

2.

People Working In Unorganised

Sector

3.

Lower & Middle Income Group

People In Government, Trade &
Industries

A). Slum Dwellers

INCOME
6,000
EMI
1,000

Rs.3,000 to
Rs.500 to

B). Workers in Unorganised Sector

INCOME
10,000
EMI
1,500

Rs.6,000 to
Rs.1,000 to

C). LIG & MIG, People in

Government, Trade & Industries
INCOME
20,000
EMI
4,000

Rs.10,000 to
Rs.2,000 to

Policy

URBAN LAND

Comprised with a settlement

Involves:
-Activity system.
-Transportation.
-Landuse urban activities.

Spatial locations
&
Landuse pattern

Activity System :

Routine Activities
Institutional Activities
Production Activities

Transportation:
Accessibility
Convergence
Integration

Relationships between Land Uses Since

urban areas involve specialized land uses
having specific functions, each land use
zone involves a set of relationships with
other land uses. These relationships are
expressed by flows of passengers and
freight. In the above figure which
represents a polycentric city, zones A and E
are both commercial with their associated
movements of passengers (workers and
customers) and freight (suppliers). Zones B
and F are distribution centers servicing
commercial activities, which implies
movements of freight. Zones C, G and D
are residential areas (G being of high
density) from where flows of passengers
are originating.

The objective Policy are

To suggest measures for overcoming
inefficiencies, distortions and
inequities in the urban land market.
To discuss existing land management / assembly
techniques and related
problems in urban land market.
To highlight leveraging land as a resource for
urban development.
To recommend actions for optimal use of land in
the core areas and significant increase in the
overall supply of land for urban uses.
To propose a model for alternative to
compulsory land acquisition.

LAND USE AND LAND COVER

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

TAX

-------- Imposition of financial charges

Under the name of

Purpose & Effects
The Four R

Revenue
Redistribution
Repricing
Representation

Tax system

Progressive
Regressive
Proportional

Types

The Four R

Types:
-Direct
-Indirect
-Municipal tax