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What is a cell?
Cells are the basic unit of life. They are small membranebound structures containing several smaller structures called
organelles.
There are two main categories of cell, each of which have
important different structural properties:
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A brief history
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ATP
ADP
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What is a eukaryote?
A eukaryote is any organism
consisting of one or more cells that
contain DNA in a membrane-bound
nucleus, separate from the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes include:
animals
plants
fungi
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Mitochondria
The mitochondrion is an energy-generating organelle.
It is surrounded by two membranes. The inner layer folds
inwards to form the cristae. The cristae project into a liquid
called the matrix.
outer membrane
cristae
matrix
inner membrane
The inner membrane is coated in enzymes, which catalyze
the reactions of aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
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Which organelle?
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Plant cells
Plant cells share all the common features of animal cells,
but also contain some additional organelles.
Plants gain all their energy from sunlight; cells in their leaves
contain many chloroplasts to convert this into a useful form.
chloroplast
vacuole
Every plant cell is
surrounded by a cell
wall, and contains
one or more
permanent vacuoles.
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cell wall
Boardworks Ltd 2008
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts use carbon dioxide, water and light energy to
build sugars. They are present in all green plants.
The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane. It is
filled with a liquid called the stroma, and contains stacks
of thylakoid membranes called grana.
grana
stroma
thylakoid membrane
The thylakoid membranes are the site of photosynthesis.
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Vacuoles
Permanent vacuoles only exist in plant cells. Animal cells
can contain temporary vacuoles but they are not common
features.
A vacuole consists of a
membrane called the
tonoplast, filled with cell
sap a watery solution
of different substances,
including sugars,
enzymes and pigments.
The vacuole is important in keeping the cell firm. When the
vacuole is full of sap the cell is said to be turgid.
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Eukaryotic organelles
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What is a prokaryote?
A prokaryote is any organism
usually single-celled whose
DNA is suspended freely in the
cytoplasm. The word means
before the nucleus.
Prokaryotes can be divided
into two groups:
bacteria
archaea.
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Bacterial capsules
Many pathogenic bacteria are surrounded by a mucous-like
protective layer called a capsule.
capsule
cell wall
Plasmids
Bacterial cells often contain several plasmids small
continuous loops of DNA.
Plasmids are replicated independently of a bacteriums
genophore (e.g. during bacterial conjugation), and may
confer an advantage, such as antibiotic resistance.
pilus draws
bacteria together
replication of plasmid
Structure of a bacterium
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Light microscopes
Light (or optical) microscopes use lenses to project a
magnified image of an object onto the eye.
Magnification is a measure of how many times bigger the
image is than the object:
magnification =
size of image
actual size of the object
Virtual microscope
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Electron microscopes
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Microscope characteristics
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz
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