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November 2009

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John Keats

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"To Autumn" is a poem by English Romantic

poet John Keats (31 October 1795 23
February 1821).

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is the final work in a group of

poems known as Keats's "1819 odes".

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each

of eleven lines. Written in 1819, the structure
is that of an odal hymn, having three clearly
defined sections corresponding to the
Classical divisions of strophe, antistrophe,
and epode

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

The imagery is richly achieved through

the personification of Autumn

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Workshops

Poem

Season of mists and mellow

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fruitfulness,
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Workshops

SEO and Website

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Close bosom-friend of the maturing

sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

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Marketing
Workshops

With fruit the vines that round the thatcheves run;

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Workshops

To bend with apples the moss'd cottageSEO and Website

trees,
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And fill all fruit with ripeness to the

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core;
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To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel

shells
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With a sweet kernel; to set budding

SEO and Website
more,
Marketing
Workshops

And still more, later flowers for the

SEO and Website
bees,
Marketing
Workshops

Until they think warm days will

never
cease,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy

SEO and Website
cells.
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Workshops

Who hath not seen thee oft SEO

amid
thy
store
?
and Website
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Workshops

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may

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find
Marketing
Workshops

Thee sitting careless on a granary

floor,
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Workshops

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing

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wind
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Or on a half-reapd furrow sound

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asleep,
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Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook

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Workshops

Spares the next swath and all its twind

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flowers:
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And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost

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keep
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Steady thy laden head across

a
brook;
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Workshops

Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,

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Marketing
Workshops

Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by

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hours.
Marketing
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Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are

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they?
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Workshops

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,

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Workshops

While barrd clouds bloom the soft-dying

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day
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And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

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SEO and Website

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John Keats

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem by English Romantic

poet John Keats (31 October 1795 23
February 1821).

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is the final work in a group of

poems known as Keats's "1819 odes".

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each

of eleven lines. Written in 1819, the structure
is that of an odal hymn, having three clearly
defined sections corresponding to the
Classical divisions of strophe, antistrophe,
and epode

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

The imagery is richly achieved through

the personification of Autumn

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Poem

Season of mists and mellow

SEO and Website
fruitfulness,
Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Close bosom-friend of the maturing

sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

To bend with apples the moss'd cottageSEO and Website

trees,
Marketing
Workshops

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel

shells
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With a sweet kernel; to set budding

more,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

And still more, later flowers SEO

for and
theWebsite
bees,
Marketing
Workshops

Until they think warm days will

never
cease,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy

SEO and Website
cells.
Marketing
Workshops

Who hath not seen thee oft SEO

amid
thy
store
?
and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Thee sitting careless on a granary

floor,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing

wind
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Or on a half-reapd furrow sound

asleep,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Spares the next swath and all its twind

SEO and Website
flowers:
Marketing
Workshops

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost

SEO and Website
keep
Marketing
Workshops

Steady thy laden head across

a
brook;
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by

SEO and Website
hours.
Marketing
Workshops

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are

SEO and Website
they?
Marketing
Workshops

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

While barrd clouds bloom the soft-dying

SEO and Website
day
Marketing
Workshops

And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats

mourn
SEO and Website
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Among the river-sallows, borne

SEO and Website
aloft
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Or sinking as the light wind lives or

SEO and Website
dies;
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sinking

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And full-grown lambs loud bleat

from
hilly
bourn;
SEO and Website
Marketing
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Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft

SEO and Website
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The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;

SEO and Website
Marketing
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And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
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Then in a wailful choir the small gnats

mourn
SEO and Website
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Among the river-sallows, borne

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aloft
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SEO and Website

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A Quick Tour
of Logos

The Logical Appeal

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So what exactly is logic?
Who cares?
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Informally, logic is about saying things that make

sense. You can think of it in that way if you like.
It's pretty sunny today, so you should wear sunscreen.

Formally, logic is the art of arguing not

like a fight or debate, but by using the
information we already
know to draw
new
and
useful
conclusions.
If it's
sunny
today,
you should wear sunscreen.
Indeed it is sunny today.
Therefore, you should wear sunscreen.

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But wait. That just looked
like the
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exact same thing you said
before, you
hack.

Well, yes. But that's how an argument looks in

form! You can break down any argument into t
that makes it easier to think about.

If it's sunny today, you should wear sunscreen

Premises/
givens
Conclusion

It is sunny today.
___________________________________________
Therefore, you should wear sunscreen.

(Premises always come first, and the conclusion alw

How about a more complex

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argument?
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1. This piece of fresh fruit is fuzzy.
2. It also has seeds.
3. If a fruit is fuzzy, it's either a kiwi or a peach.
4. Peaches have a pit; they don't have seeds.
5. So the fruit can't be a peach.
6. So the fruit must be a kiwi.

Which of the above sentences is a conclusion?

How about a more complex

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argument?
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1. This piece of fresh fruit is fuzzy.
2. It also has seeds.
3. If a fruit is fuzzy, it's either a kiwi or a peach.
4. Peaches have a pit; they don't have seeds.
5. So the fruit can't be a peach.
6. So the fruit must be a kiwi.

Good logic lets us cobble together lots of

different pieces of information, and tell from
them what's probably or definitely true.

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But what counts as good
logic?
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That argument was good (made sense), because

the conclusion followed from the premises. We'll
see what this means in a moment.

Why don't we look at a bad argument?

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But what counts as good
logic?
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Some people have fallen off cliffs and lived.

Therefore, if I jump off this cliff, I will definitely be fin

Come on.
What
could
possibly go
wrong?

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But what counts as good
logic?
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Some people have fallen off cliffs and lived.

Therefore, if I jump off this cliff, I will definitely be fin

This argument is weak. Although the premise is

it's easy to think of ways (very painful ways) th
conclusion could be false. The easiest way to s
logic is to do just that: try to think of another w
(Philosophers call these counterexamples).

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But what counts as good
logic?
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Let's look at two kinds of arguments.

1. Deductive reasoning:
All interns can breathe fire. So
Philip can breathe fire.
Is there a piece of the puzzle missing?

SEO and Website

But what counts as good
logic?
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Workshops

Let's look at two kinds of arguments.

1. Deductive reasoning:
All interns can breathe fire. Philip is
an intern.
So Philip can breathe
fire.

Sometimes you may encounter hidden statem

and ideas, which the writer sneaks in but does
say outright.

SEO and Website

But what counts as good
logic?
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Workshops

Let's look at two kinds of arguments.

1. Deductive reasoning:
All interns can breathe fire. Philip is
an intern.
So Philip can breathe
fire.
Are the premises true?
If so, then the conclusion's
100% guaranteed true.
No getting around it!

SEO and Website

But what counts as good
logic?
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Let's look at two kinds of arguments.

2. Inductive reasoning:
I touched a stove and it burned me. I did this
fifty times, and the same thing happened. So
the
next time I touch the stove, it will burn me.

Are the premises true?

If so, then the conclusion's
LIKE
probably true. There might
still be exceptions.

WHAT?

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How is this useful to me?
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Like Mr. Morgan said, the ability to make

strong logical arguments will become more
and more important later on in high school
and college.
Pathos and ethos are still valuable! But
your audience will be a lot better at
questioning them. Logos is handy because,
if you use it well, it can't really be
disproved.

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How is this useful to me?
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But even better is the superpower to spot weak

logic.

Next time you watch TV or go online (with your

parents' permission, of course), try to keep track of
how many different arguments are being pitched to
you by ads. How much info is given to you? How
much is left out?

What time is it?

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Adven- wait, no. Activity time!

Pair off into groups of four. Each group will receive an e

of a poor argument (these may be either inductive or d

With your group, you will have 5 minutes to try to come

one counterexample - one way in which the argumen
could be wrong, even if the premises are definitely true
Poke it full of holes!
Also, choose a group representative to tell us your reas
(It's OK to imagine unlikely or weird explanations;
don't be afraid to think outside the box.
Oddly enough, logic has very little to do with facts.)

Some examples:

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ARGUMENT: I pulled an all-nighter studying for last wee

test, and I ended up with an A. Tiredness must make me

COUNTER: What if you got an A because you actually stu

Or maybe the test was going to be easy for you all along

ARGUMENT: If I play with Dad's power tools, he'll yell at

But Dad is yelling at me for something. So I guess I mus
played with the power tools.

COUNTER: What if he's yelling at you for a different reas

scratching the car, or hammer-throwing the cat onto the

Or sinking as the light wind lives or

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dies;
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sinking

Workshops

And full-grown lambs loud bleat

from
hilly
bourn;
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

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Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

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SEO and Website

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John Keats

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem by English Romantic

poet John Keats (31 October 1795 23
February 1821).

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is the final work in a group of

poems known as Keats's "1819 odes".

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each

of eleven lines. Written in 1819, the structure
is that of an odal hymn, having three clearly
defined sections corresponding to the
Classical divisions of strophe, antistrophe,
and epode

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

The imagery is richly achieved through

the personification of Autumn

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Poem

Season of mists and mellow

SEO and Website
fruitfulness,
Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Close bosom-friend of the maturing

sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With fruit the vines that round the thatcheves run;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

To bend with apples the moss'd cottageSEO and Website

trees,
Marketing
Workshops

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the

SEO and Website
core;
Marketing
Workshops

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel

shells
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With a sweet kernel; to set budding

SEO and Website
more,
Marketing
Workshops

And still more, later flowers for the

SEO and Website
bees,
Marketing
Workshops

Until they think warm days will

never
cease,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy

SEO and Website
cells.
Marketing
Workshops

Who hath not seen thee oft SEO

amid
thy
store
?
and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may

SEO and Website
find
Marketing
Workshops

Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing

SEO and Website
wind
Marketing
Workshops

Or on a half-reapd furrow sound

SEO and Website
asleep,
Marketing
Workshops

Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Spares the next swath and all its twind

SEO and Website
flowers:
Marketing
Workshops

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost

SEO and Website
keep
Marketing
Workshops

Steady thy laden head across a brook;

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by

SEO and Website
hours.
Marketing
Workshops

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are

SEO and Website
they?
Marketing
Workshops

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

While barrd clouds bloom the soft-dying

SEO and Website
day
Marketing
Workshops

And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats

mourn
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Among the river-sallows, borne

SEO and Website
aloft
Marketing
Workshops

Or sinking as the light wind lives or

SEO and Website
dies;
Marketing
sinking

Workshops

And full-grown lambs loud bleat

from
hilly
bourn;
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

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Romanticism

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Historical and Social Background

The industrial town
The industrialization changed radically
the landscape of Great Britain. In the
first half of the XIX century the
Midlands had already gained the name
of nack country. It was an area of
gloomy buildings, small towns full of
smoke, streets that created a sense of
confusion and dismay and canals to
which the railway was added.
The Industrial Revolution caused an
uncontrolled growth of the city. Small
towns called mushroom towns were
constructed for the workers. They were
called in this way because they sprang
up suddenly and multiplied rapidly
around the factories.
For workers, living in the city meant
long working hours and appalling living
conditions. Industrial cities lacked
elementary public services (water
supply,
sanitation,
street-cleaning,
open spaces). The air and the water
were polluted by smoke and filth. The
houses, built in endless rows, were

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BRITISH SOCIETY
POLITICAL REFORMS

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Prosperity and confidence in

1700s
American and French revolutions
disappointment in bitter and
violent ends - Napoleon
Industrial Revolution
dirty, unorganized cities emerge
huge class shift

British Society

The population was

divided into three social
classes:
THE LANDOWNERS
AND ARISTOCRACY:
this class had ruled the
country for centuries and
held most of the wealt.
THE BUSINESSMEN
AND INDUSTRIALISTS:
thanks to their hard work
the british economy was
thriving.
THE MASSES:
they worked in the
factories and were poor.

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Historical and Social

Background

Political Reforms
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The Factory Act of 1833 limited working hours and children

under nine could not work.
In 1825 Trade Unions were recognized.Factory owners
formed their own associations
Businessmen and industrialists were given the vote in 1832.
A police force was established in 1829.
A local government was established in every town.
A system of national primary education was set up in
1834.

Historical and Social

Background

The French Revolution

as the French Revolution started, the whole

idea of nationalism changed, and so did the
romantic view; it consisted then in selfdetermination and a pride in the national
origins and unity; they said that every
human being should be pride of his origins
and nation, but at the same time he should
develop as an individual; they claimed that
there should be a balance in the
development of each person between the
common interest of the nation and his own
personal goals
the accent was put on the national history
and folklore, and furthermore, the values of
tradition and customs were put at the center
of the romantic movement
inspired by this view upon the country, the
peoples of Europe had the power to redraw
the map of their continent and free
themselves

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English Romanticism can be understood as a return to Renaissance (to the

poetry of Spencer, Shakespeare and Milton). This return is anticipated by
Cowper, Gray, Collins and Thomson.
CHARACTERISTICS:
-Revival of instinctual life (reason was not soSEO
important).
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- The search of the love and the beauty.
Marketing
- Importance of Revolutions (American, French, the figure of Napoleon).
Workshops
- New role of imagination.
- The realization of the sublime, the half way between real and supernatural
world, time and space.
- Nature as a source of inspiration.
- Revaluation of myths.
- Philosophers: J.J Rousseau is the first to use the word romantique in one
of his works (Reveries
du promemuer solitaire). Romance has french
origins.
Schlegel used the word romantisch speaking about creativity and
sentimental themes, in a critic work Sturm und Drang (in English: Storm
and Stress, in which there is an exaltation of nature, uniqueness and
freedom of the individual, ideal of genius).

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Selected Works & Analysis of

 FIRST GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION

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WILLIAM BLAKE

WILLIAM
WORDSWORTH

SAMUEL T.
COLERIDGE

Romantic Poets

William Blake
Blakes life was spent
in rebellion and the
restrictive influences
of institutions such as
government and the
church. Blake was
aware of the negative
effects of the rapidly
developing industrial
and commercial
society.
The Lamb
And
The Tyger

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Menu Poets

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To see a World in
a Grain of Sand
And a Heaven
in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the
palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour.
- Auguries of Innocence
William Blake

Auguries of Innocence
Full Poem
Analysis of
Auguries of Innocence

William Blake was born in London, where he

spent most of his life. His father was a successful
London hosier and attracted by the doctrines of
Emmanuel Swedenborg. Blake was first educated
at home, chiefly by his mother. His parents
encouraged him to collect prints of the Italian
masters, and in 1767 sent him to Henry Pars'
drawing school. From his early years, he
experienced visions of angels and ghostly monks,
he saw and conversed with the angel Gabriel, the
Virgin Mary, and various historical figures.
Independent through his life, Blake left no debts
at his death
on August 12, 1827.
He was buried in
Back to Index
Onward to Byron
an unmarked grave at the public cemetery of
Bunhill Fields.

The Lamb and The Tyger

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Blake wrote two books:

Songs of Innocenceand
Songs of Experience.
In The Lamb from the
Songs of Innocence Blake
presented with an image
of a gentle, benevolent,
loving God.
In The Tyger from
Songs of Experience, God
is vindictive and
terrifying.

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I travelled among unknown men,
In lands beyond the sea;
Nor England did I know till then,
What love I bore to thee.
'Tis past, that melancholy dream!
Nor will I quit thy shore
A second time, for still I seem
To love thee more and more.
Among thy mountains did I feel
the joy of my desire;
And she I cherished, turned the
wheel,
Beside an English fire.
Thy mornings showed, thy nights
concealed
the bowers where Lucy played;
And
thine isAmong
too the
last green
- I Travelled
Unknown
Men
field
William Wordsworth
That Lucy's eyes surveyed.

William Wordsworth was born on April 7,

1770, at Cockermouth on the River
Derwent, in the heart of the Lake District
that would come to be immortalized in his
poetry. The son of a lawyer named John
Wordsworth, he was the second of five
children. His father was the personal
attorney of Sir James Lowther, Earl of
Lonsdale, the most powerful (and perhaps
the most hated) man in the area. His first
formal education was at Anne Birkett's
school at Penrith, where one of his
classmates
his future
wife
Mary Men
Analysis of Iwas
Travelled
Among
Unknown
Hutchinson. Wordsworth died on April 13,
1850.
Back to Index

Go to Analysis
Index

William Wordsworth

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William
Wordsworths
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poetry emphasies the

value of childhood
experience an the
celebration of nature.
He glorifies the spirit
of man, living in
armony with his
natural environment,
far from the spiritually
bankrupt city. Him
being pantheistic
identified the nature
with god.

I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud

Menu Poets

Romanticism in Literature (cont.)

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There is pleasure in
beauty, Wordsworth
writes. And in this
sense, poetry should
gratify the senses.
In striving to capture
the eternal beauty,
the poet gives rise to
romantic expression
in all human beings.

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Wordsworth

is
best
known as a nature poet
who
found
beauty,
comfort
and
moral
strength in the natural
world. If he were alive
today
he
would
probably be a member
of an organisation that
campaigns to protect
the evironment. For
him the World of nature
is free from corruption
and stress, and offers
man
a
means
of
escape
from
industrialised society.

Samuel T. Coleridge
Coleridges poetry
often deals with the
mysterious, the
supernatural and the
extraordinary. While
Wordsworth looked for
the spiritual in
everyday subjects,
Coleridge wanted to
give the supernatural a
colouring of everyday
reality.

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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Menu Poets

 Coleridge describes
the natural and
supernatural events
that occur during
the adventurous
voyage.The events
of the poem take
place in an eerie,
ghostly atmosphere
and the reader
often feels he is
moving from a real
to an unreal world
and back again.

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GEORGE
BYRON

PERCY
BYSSHE
SHELLEY

JOHN
KEATS

Romantic Poets

George Byron
Byron was the
prototype of the
Romantic poet. He
was heavily involved
with contemporary
social issues. He like
the heroes of his long
narrative poems, was
a melancholy and
solitary figure whose
actions often defiend
social convections.

Don Juan

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Menu Poets

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The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,

And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;
And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.

The most notorious Romantic poet and Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green,
That host with their banners at sunset were seen:
satirist. Byron was famous in his
Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown,
lifetime for his love affairs with
That host on the morrow lay withered and strown.
women and Mediterranean boys. He
And there lay the rider distorted and pale,
created his own cult of personality, the
With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail:
concept of the 'Byronic hero' - a
And the tents were all silent, the banners alone,
defiant, melancholy young man,
The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown.
brooding on some mysterious,
And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail,
unforgivable in his past. Byron's
And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal;
influence on European poetry, music, And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword,
Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord!
novel, opera, and painting has been
- The Destruction of Sennacherib
immense, although the poet was
George Gordon Byron
widely condemned on moral grounds
Analysis of
by his
Backcontemporaries.
to Index
Onward to Poe
The Destruction of Sennacherib

Don Juan

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Don Juan is seduced by

the beautiful and older

Donna Julia. She is
typical of Byrons
splendid female
portraits: sensual and
apparently innocent;
always on the verge of
tears or ready to faint
and yet strong and
aggressive. Above all,
she is much more
intelligent and cunning
than the average man
(especially if he is a
husband). No character,
not even Don Juan, is
free of narrators irony.

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I met a traveller from an antique land

Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone Percy Bysshe Shelley was an
Stand in the desert. . . Near them, on the sand, English Romantic poet who rebelled
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, against English politics and
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command, conservative values. Shelley was
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read considered with his friend Lord
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
Byron a pariah for his life style. He
The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed.
drew no essential distinction
And on the pedestal these words appear:
between poetry and politics, and his
"My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
work reflected the radical ideas and
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
revolutionary optimism of the era.
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare.
Like many poets of his day, Shelley
The lone and level sands far away.
employed mythological themes and
- Ozymandias
Percy Bysshe Shelley

Analysis of Ozymandias

figures from Greek poetry that gave

to
an exalted
tone for his Onward
visions.
Back to Index
Wordsworth
Shelley died July 8, 1822.

Percy Bysshe Shelley

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was the most
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revoluctionary and
non-conformist of the
Romantic poet. He was
an individualist and
idealist who rejected
the istitutions of,
family,church,
marriage and the
Christian faith and
rebelled against all
forms of tyranny.

Defence of Poetry

Menu Poets

Defence of Poetry

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Defence of poetry contains some of the

finest quotes about the anture of poetry and
the role of the poet in the English language.
A poet is the author to others of the highest
wisdom, virtue, pleasure and glory

John Keats
Keatss life makes his
literary achievements
even more astonishing.
The main theme of his
poetry is: the conflict
betwenn the real world
of suffering, death and
decay and the ideal
world of beauty,
immagination and
eternal youth.

Ode on a Grecian Urn

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Ode on a Grecian Urn

The Ode describes an ancient greek
urn decorated with classical motifs:
A Dionysian festival with music and
ecstatic dances, a piper under the
trees in a pastoral setting, a young
man in love pursuing a girl and
almost reaching her, a procession
of townspeople and priest leading a
cow to the sacrifice.
Keats is fascinated by the fact that
art is able to present an ideal world
because it can freeze actions and
emotions: the lover depicted on the
urn will never actually reach the girl
he is following, the pipers will never
end their song, the streets of the
little town will always be desert and
silent. The beauty of the girl, the
ardent passion of her lover, the
pleasure of the music and the
boughs in bloom will never fade.

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Hugo and the Romanticism

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Hugo was the one who wrote the

literary manifesto of the
romanticism in the preface to his
tragedy called Cromwell
he says that the new doctrine is the
liberalism in literature and that
there are neither rules, nor
models for romantics
as Hugo presents it, Romanticism
evolves as an opposition to
Classicism and Romantic
Parnassianism, offering literature
freedom of expression through the
dismission of norms.

Classicism

presents an ideal, static,

objective world
has ideal categories and
eternal types of characters
has an abstract, equilibrated
and dominated by morals
character
simply observes the nature
preaches rationality
the rule of the 3 entities: of
time, space and plot

Romanticism

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presents
a universe determined

by the movements of history,

which is fantastical, subjective
the nature overwhelms the
character
has a dynamic, sentimental
hero, who is in a constant
search for the absolute
artists reinterpret the nature
through their own subjectivity
emphasizes sentiments,
passions
abolishes the rule of the 3
entities

Romantic character

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is an exceptional character put in exceptional

situations(hero, genius)
is confused, unsatisfied
is continually fighting himself and his limits
can belong to any social class
has good and bad traits, like any human being
the artist is the supreme being, who doesnt have to
comply to the rules

Characteristics

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promotes antithetical constructions, contrasts,Workshops
extremes

distinguishes artistic values in the less esthetical parts of reality and

therefore anticipates the Symbolism which will found a true esthetic
of the ugly
symbols: the sky, the stars, the ocean, the sea, the lake, the spring, the
woods
rediscovers the folkloric creation, the history and the nature
has a predilection for the fantastic, tragic, grotesque, macabre,
mystery, occult, diseased and even satanic
places the individual at the centre of all things, of life and of all
experiences

Romanticism & painting

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Eugne Delacroix,
Liberty Leading the
People

Romanticism & sculpture

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Franois Rude, La
Marseillaise

Romantic
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From Roman a poetic or prose heroic
Workshops
narrative, in late medieval literature
Term is revived to describe a movement
or set of shared beliefs and themes
growing out of late 18th and early 19th C
and present as a continuing influence or
tendency

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Four Principal Ideas

Nature
Equality/egalitarianism
Imagination
Sensibility

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Nature
In Nature, Humanity is
Inspired
Informed
Redeemed
Transformed
Idealized

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Equality
Egalitarian view of society
The social union among people
Nationalism (loyalty to nation
v. rulers)
Revolution and reform
Humanity can be perfected

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Sensibility
Idealism
Intensity of emotions
Significance of actions
Worthiness of common person
Humanitys best is glorified in the
Classical
Medieval

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Imagination
Power of imagination to
transport
Mind heals, condemns itself
Subjective nature of truth
Spontaneous response

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most striking feature
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the Romantic Workshops
Movement

Perhaps the
the poets of
is their attitude to nature. The
solitude of real nature is alien,
immeasurable, inhuman; the
Romantic solitude is a vision of
nature which reflects the solitude of
the poet. The Romantic finds
everywhere in nature his own image.
-Stephen Spender

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The [Romantic] poet. . .loves

to escape from the heat and
pressure of humanity, and so
from himself as a social being,
and to lose himself in
the freedom of lonely places.
- Joseph Warren Beach

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What the Romantics beheld when they looked at life was

a radical difference between the world of appearances
and the world of reality. What seemed important in the
world of appearances (the world as it looks to the
ordinary man, the man of common sense) was revealed
as unimportant or false when it was observed by the man
of true imagination. ... Thus freed from unimaginative
blindness, the Romantic saw Nature and Man in their
true light, their essential character, and in their genuine
worth. - Ernest Bernbaum

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The most universal image [in Romantic

poetry] is perhaps that of light, a fit
symbol of spiritual illumination, of the
transcendental vision, of the work of the
imagination, of the ideal to which the
poet aspires.
- R.A. Foakes

Romanticism - Characteristics:
The predominance of

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Individualism
imagination over reason Human rights
and formal rules
Idealization of rural
Primitivism
life
Love of nature
Enthusiasm for the
An interest in the past
wild, irregular, Gothic
or grotesque in nature
Mysticism
Enthusiasm for the
Interest in the Gothic
uncivilized or natural

Principles of
Romanticism:

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Romanticism was a reaction against

convention.
Romanticism asserted the power of the
individual.
Romanticism reflected a deep appreciation
of the beauties of nature.
Romanticism emphasized the importance
of the subjective experience.
Romanticism was idealistic.

Romanticism
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was a reaction
against
As a political movement, this reaction was
reflected in the new democratic ideals that
convention:
opposed monarchy and feudalism.
In art, it meant a turn away from
Neoclassicism and the ancient models of
Greek perfection and Classical correctness.
Philosophically, romanticism would contend
with Rationalismthe belief that truth could
be discerned by logic and reason.

Romanticism
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asserted the
Romanticism marked an era characterized by an
power
ofofthe
idealization
the individual.
individual:
Politically, the movement influenced democratic

ideals and the revolutionary principles of social

equality.
Philosophically, it meant that the idea of objective
reality would give way to subjective experience;
thus, all truth became a matter of human
perception.
In the art world, romanticism marked a fascination
with the individual genius, and elevated the artist,
philosopher, and poet above all others.

Romanticism
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reflected a deep
For the romantics, nature was how the spirit was
appreciation
of
revealed to humankind.
The romantic philosophers believed in the
the
beauties
of nature of reality.
metaphysical
or spiritual
nature:
They thought that a higher reality existed behind
the appearance of things in the physical world.
Nature appeared to people as a material reality;
however, because it evoked such strong feelings in
humankind, it revealed itself as containing a
higher, spiritual truth.
Romantic artists tried to capture in their art the
same feelings nature inspired in them.

Romanticism
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emphasized the
The romantics believed that emotion and the
importance
senses could leadof
to higher truths than either
reason or the intellect could.
subjective
the
Romantics
supposed that feelings, such as awe,
fear, delight, joy, and wonder, were keys that could
experience:
unlock the mysteries of the world.
The result was a literature that continually explored
the inward experiences of the self.
The imagination became one of the highest
faculties of human perception, for it was through
the imagination that individuals could experience
transcendent or spiritual truths.

Romanticism was
idealistic:

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On one hand, romanticism was philosophically

rooted in idealism.
Reality existed primarily in the ideal worldthat is,
in the mindwhile the material world merely
reflected that universe.
In other words, the ideal world was more real than
the real world.
On the other hand, romanticism was literally
idealistic; it tended to be optimistic in its outlook on
life.
Political and social romantics asserted that human
beings could live according to higher principles,
such as the beliefs in social equality, freedom, and
human rights.

Philosophical
Roots of
Romanticism

The French philosopher Jean

Jacques Rousseau (1712 1778)
argued that civilization was creating
a race that was out of step with
nature.
Civilization stripped people of their
natural instincts.
Everything is good when it leaves
the creator, he argued, everything
degenerates in the hands of men.
Rousseau believed human beings
had innate intuitive powers; that is,
they instinctively knew how to deal
with the outside world.
He felt that so-called primitive
people, those who lived closer to
and in harmony with nature, had a
greater, more refined intuition than
civil human beings.

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Rousseau believed that there were

basic principles, such as liberty and
equality, which were innate to
human beings.
Civilization and governments,
however, had conditioned man to
endure life without them.
Rousseaus ideas were influential to
many, from the American and
French revolutionaries to romantic
writers.
His ideas of nature and intuition
were taken even further in the
philosophy of Kant.

Philosophical
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Roots of
Philosophy before Kant was largely based on
Romanticism
rationalism and empiricism.
(cont.)
Rationalism was the belief that knowledge of the
world could be obtained only through reason.
Reason could know reality independently from
sense of experience; that is, logic, not emotion led to
truth.
Empiricism was the exact opposite. English
philosophers, such as John Locke and David Hume,
argued that sense was the only way of arriving at
knowledge. To get at the truth, one had to go by
experienceby scientifically weighing the evidence.

Romanticism in the
Visual Arts

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In the visual arts, English artists such as J.M.W. Turner (17751851) and John Constable (1776-1837) established the visual
romantic genre through their landscapes of sea and
countryside.
Using rich, almost impressionistic colors and tones, they painted
with a deep appreciation of the beauties of nature.
Both reflected the contemporary literary and romantic
movements in Europe.
Their art conveyed the romantic ideal; that is, they supported
the romantic belief that reflections on the beauty of nature could
initiate a heightened personal awareness of the senses, and
thus approach the spirit of the divine.

Romanticism in
Literature

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In literature, romanticism was dominated by the

English poets William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834).
In 1798 Coleridge and Wordsworth published a
joint volume of poetry called Lyrical Ballads and in
doing so launched the English Romantic
Movement.

Romanticism in
Literature (cont.)

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In his Preface to the Lyrical Ballads

Wordsworth professes all the basic
principles of romanticism: he announces
the break with tradition; he exults the power
of the romantic poet to give voice to
individual feeling; he speaks of the power
of nature to show the way of the spirit; he
praises the faculty of the imagination to
give voice to the subjective experience; and
he speaks of the ennobling effects poetry
has on the moral condition of humankind.

Romanticism in
Literature (cont.)

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Wordsworth felt the imagination could take the experiences of

everyday men and women and turn them into art.
By thus highlighting the ordinary, Wordsworth points to the deeper
spirit that lives in all things; the problem, as he sees it, is that human
habit has made these wonders too familiar.
Unlike Coleridge, who saw the imagination as the living power and
prime agent of all human perception, Wordsworth felt language and
poetry were secondary to the actual experiences of human beings.
In other words, it was the object of poetry to uncover these realities,
not to pose as realities themselves.
Wordsworth defends the romantic poets reliance on personal
feelings and, like Rousseau, claims that human beings have
become too distant from their nature.
Civilization has stolen their insight into nature away. In other words,
the over-stimulation of the senses (even in an age without video
games) keeps men and women from appreciating the quiet beauty
of nature, and with it the opportunity for meditative thought and
introspection.

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Voices and Visions

Literature and Anthology in the
English Language

Menu

Where are we?

Targetometer

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Agenda

Part One
Introduction and background
Search Engine Optimisation (on site)
Generating Traffic Online (but off site)

Break

Part Two
Social Networking (on and off site)
Proactive Traffic Generation (Offline)
Integrated Marketing Campaigns

Question time

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What is Web 2.0 &

Social Media?

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Hype (or jargon)?

Technology?
Change in attitude of users or the attitude of Web
managers?
A web cop out or a way to give freedom to users?
A good thing or a bad thing?
Just another thing?
A fad?

Influential Opinions

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Web 2.0 & Social Media

& Social Networking

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Hard to define
Favourite human interaction in a virtual world
Technology / Attitude / Free
Web 2.0 technology provides instant
communication
This technology and new attitude allows user
generated content (UGC)
Social Media are the new online tools
Social Networking is what we do

Get on board now or be

left behind

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Get aboard or be left

behind

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Loads x Lots of people

We say

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Dont ignore it
Great opportunity
Dont let it dazzle
Keep a business focus and marketing perspective

Remember the Golden Rules

Whos using Social

Networks? (Ofcom)

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30% of British adults have a Social Networking

profile (up from 21% in 2007)
50% of users have a Facebook account 6 hours
per month from 4 hours last year
BUT
5% drop in 15 24 year olds using Social Network
sites
Usage is increasing and getting older

User types (Forrester

Sean Corcoran)
Creators
Collectors
Critics
Joiners
Spectators

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Strengths
Personal
Validated
Credible
Engaging
Viral

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Increasing importance in
SEO of:

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External Linking
Web Footprint / Presence
Authority
Theme and Relevance
Social Networking sites are seen to rank highly

What do we use
Social Networks for?
Collaboration
Recruitment
Marketing and Focus groups

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Marketing
Traffic generation and search
Marketing

Brand positioning
PR
Leads
Sales
Customer interaction
Retention and reinforcement
Feedback

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Some (Social) Networks

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Blog (with links to your site)

Squidoo lens
MySpace
Facebook group
LinkedIn
Tagging (delicious, stumbleupon, Digg)
You Tube
Slideshare
Flickr
Twitter
Article Sites
PR Sites
Tradespace
Niche - Home Business Network / Mothers / etc..

StumbleUpon

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digg

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delicious

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Blog and blogging

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Easy to build - Wordpress

On site or off site?
Blog Directories/ Other blogs/ Your own site
Be interesting and not too salesy
Searchable Content
Couple of times a month

Facebook
Business to Consumer
Mass market
Give me a poke or Throw me a
sheep, dude
Fan Pages and Group Pages
Highly targeted advertising
Be personal but reflect your brand
Be interactive and get visitors
involved

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Linked in
Older, but less well known?
Professionals
Business to Business
Company Profile Page
LinkedIn Answers
Market Research
Sales

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Twitter for business

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Young(er), professional, new media savvy

Tweets: 140 characters, @username
Follow and Followers
Search and Retweet
Network!
Be first to know
Brand building, Support
Island bridge
Bio, reply to people, add links
Promote your feed

Tweetdeck

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Innocent Facebook Search

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Innocent facebook
videos

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Innocent on facebook

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M&S Network Links

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M&S Facebook

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M&S facebook discussions

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M&S facebook offers

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M&S Twitter

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Dell Community Pages

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Dell Social Network Links

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Dell Linkedin

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Dell Twitter Groups

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Dell Outlet Twitter

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Dell Facebook

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Dell facebook

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Dell flickr

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E&Y Careers facebook

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GM Blog

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Marmite Facebook

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Marmite Facebook

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Marmite facebook games

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Marmite facebook promos

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Marmite Website

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Marmite on Youtube

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Youtube

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All you need

Camera
Aston Martin
Pair of trainers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yURa9T0Rjk&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/user/blendtec?
blend=1&ob=4

What does this tell us?

Problem driven
Objectives
Creative
Relevance
Resource
It Works!!

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Who
Fans
Interested customers
Regular users
Niche
We turn them into advocates

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A Small Holiday Company

Website
Rich Content
Pages for long tail Search Terms
Blogs relating to this
Links from relevant blogs
Videos on YouTube
Adwords
Directories
Tags
Facebook
Articles sites
PR Sites

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Tail wagging the dog?

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Were not talking about a Website anymore were

talking about a Web Presence

How to start

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Remember these are SOCIAL networks

Try before you buy!
You may be experimenting
You will need to be committed
You need objectives
You need relevance and places to link to
Team of enthusiasts
Measure

Groundswell Forrester
Research - POST

Groundswell Forrester Research - POST

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People
Objectives
Strategy
Technology

MBL Solutions WEBSITE

Watch
Evaluate
Become an active believer
Strategy
Implementation
Technology
Evolve

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Web Promotion Off Line

Carly Herron

Now where are we?

Targetometer

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Lets go get em

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Lets just ring them?

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A typical decision
process

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Aftersales
and support

Awareness
of the need
Awareness
of suppliers
Build relationship
with suppliers
(brands)
Detail
information
stage

SALE!
Confirmation
and
reassurance

Advertising

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Cold DM traditional +

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Email DM
Responsive
Cost effective
Directs traffic to
your site
Builds
membership
Fantastic stats

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Public Relations
Regular website review
columns

News editorial

Exciting picture
Web traffic news
Changing trends
Feedback
New web service

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Incentivise the visit

Information or white
papers
Join club
Offers and
discounts
Opinions and blogs
Editorial and
comment

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Marketing Rule Number 1

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Marketing now is very much about good data and

building relationships
Good data beats everything
Best data is the data you collect (websites [and
events] are great at this)
Then youre in control of communications and
relationship building

Registration

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Campaign elements

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Initial Communications and traffic generation

Online and offline
Keywords and Adwords

Targeted landing page

Data Capture
Registration page

Action
Follow up
Measurement
Review

Sainsburys Business
Direct
Targeted Adwords &
SEO & SM

Email shots

Sale!
and ongoing
communications

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Summary of our journey

Searching:
SEO
Adwords

Passing By

Social Networks
Bookmarking
Blogs
Affiliate

At Home

Email
Direct mail
Advertising
PR

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Simple Summary

Relevance
Content
Interaction
Connections

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Actions

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

This takes time and focus

Make someone responsible
Make sure that there is a team involved
Have an agreed timescale to review and change
Measure the results

Thank You

Any questions?

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

The Golden Dozen

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Define your Site objectives

Who, What, Where, Action
Search Engine Optimisation = Visitor Optimisation
Benchmark your best competitors
SEO takes time so get it right asap
Remember that a website is dynamic keep it changing
Make sure your site caters for each stage of the decision
process
Dont forget to be proactive in your website promotion
Make your site integral to your campaigns use offline
methods as well online and offline are not exclusive
Make sure your campaigns are circular no dead-ends
Capture prospect data, register visitors and use email (at
least) to continue the communications
Plan your site management and measurement

A typical decision
process

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops
Aftersales
and support

Awareness
of the need
Awareness
of suppliers
Build relationship
with suppliers
(brands)
Detail
information
stage

SALE!
Confirmation
and
reassurance

Campaign elements

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Initial Communications and traffic generation

Online and offline (press ads, mailshots, email shots, PR)
Social Networking
Keywords and Adwords

Targeted landing page

Data Capture
Registration page

Action

Follow up

Measurement
Review

Sainsburys Business
Direct
Targeted Adwords ,
SEO, Social

Email shots

Sale!
and ongoing
communications

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Simple Summary

Objectives
Relevance
Content
Interaction
Connections

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Thank You

Any questions?

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

John Keats

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem by English Romantic

poet John Keats (31 October 1795 23
February 1821).

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is the final work in a group of

poems known as Keats's "1819 odes".

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each

of eleven lines. Written in 1819, the structure
is that of an odal hymn, having three clearly
defined sections corresponding to the
Classical divisions of strophe, antistrophe,
and epode

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

The imagery is richly achieved through the

personification of Autumn

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Poem

Season of mists and mellow

SEO and Website
fruitfulness,
Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Close bosom-friend of the maturing

sun;

Conspiring with him how to load and bless

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With fruit the vines that round the thatcheves run;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

To bend with apples the moss'd cottageSEO and Website

trees,
Marketing
Workshops

And fill all fruit with ripeness to the

SEO and Website
core;
Marketing
Workshops

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel

shells
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

With a sweet kernel; to set budding

SEO and Website
more,
Marketing
Workshops

And still more, later flowers for the

SEO and Website
bees,
Marketing
Workshops

Until they think warm days will

never
cease,
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy

SEO and Website
cells.
Marketing
Workshops

Who hath not seen thee oft SEO

amid
thy
store
?
and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may

SEO and Website
find
Marketing
Workshops

Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing

SEO and Website
wind
Marketing
Workshops

Or on a half-reapd furrow sound

SEO and Website
asleep,
Marketing
Workshops

Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Spares the next swath and all its twind

SEO and Website
flowers:
Marketing
Workshops

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost

SEO and Website
keep
Marketing
Workshops

Steady thy laden head across a brook;

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by

SEO and Website
hours.
Marketing
Workshops

Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are

SEO and Website
they?
Marketing
Workshops

Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops

While barrd clouds bloom the soft-dying

SEO and Website
day
Marketing
Workshops

And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats

mourn
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Among the river-sallows, borne

SEO and Website
aloft
Marketing
Workshops

Or sinking as the light wind lives or

SEO and Website
dies;
Marketing
sinking

Workshops

And full-grown lambs loud bleat

from
hilly
bourn;
SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

SEO and Website
Marketing
Workshops

SEO and Website

Marketing
Workshops