Data Gathering

Procedure
GROUP II

Introduction

Introduction

Data collectionis a term used to describe a

process of preparing and collectingdata

Systematicgatheringof datafor aparticular

purpose from various sources, that has been
systematically observed, recorded, organized.

Data are the basic inputs to any decision

making process in business

Objectives
DATA COLLECTION

Objectives for Data Collection

The

purpose of data collection is-

to obtain information

to keep on record

to make decisions about important issues,

to pass information on to others

Sources of Data

Sources of Data
Primary
Secondary

Sources of Data: Primary

The

data which are collected from the

field under the control and supervision of

an investigator
Primary

data means original data that

has been collected specially for the

purpose in mind

Sources of Data: Primary

This

type of data are generally afresh

and collected for the first time

It

is useful for current studies as well as

for future studies

For

example:your own questionnaire.

Sources of Data: Primary

This

type of data are generally afresh

and collected for the first time

It

is useful for current studies as well as

for future studies

For

example:your own questionnaire.

Sources of Data: Primary

This

type of data are generally afresh

and collected for the first time

It

is useful for current studies as well as

for future studies

For

example:your own questionnaire.

Sources of Data: Primary Advantages

Targeted
Data

Issues are addressed

interpretation is better

Efficient
Decency

Spending for Information

of Data

Proprietary
Addresses

Issues

Specific Research Issues

Sources of Data: Primary Disadvantages

High

Cost

Time

Consuming

InaccurateFeed-backs
More

number of resources is required

Sources of Data: Secondary

Data

gathered and recorded by someone

else prior to and for a purpose other

than the current project
Secondary

data is data that has

beencollectedfor another purpose.

Sources of Data: Secondary

It

involves less cost, time and effort

Secondary

data is data that is being

reused. Usually in a different

context.
For

example:data from a book.

Sources of Data: Secondary Advantages

Ease
Low

of Access

Cost to Acquire

Clarification
May

of Research Question

Answer Research Question

Sources of Data: Secondary Disadvantages

Quality
Not

of Research

Specific to Researchers Needs

Incomplete
Not

Timely

Information

Techniques
DATA GATHERING

Data Gathering Techniques

1. The Direct or Interview Method

The researcher has direct contact with
the interviewee. The researcher gathers
information by asking questions to the
interviewee.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Direct or Interview Method
Example:
interview

Multiliver
mallers

Company
regarding

would
their

favorite brand of toothpaste, soap or

shampoo.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Direct or Interview Method
Pros:

The

researcher

can

get

more

accurate answers since clarifications

can be made if the respondent does not
understand the question.
Cons: This method is costly and time
consuming

Data Gathering Techniques

2.

The Indirect or Questionnaire Method

The researcher makes use of a written

questionnaire.
distributes

The

the

researcher
questionnaire

gives
to

or
the

respondents either by personal delivery or by

mail.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Example: Sudoku Sadako would send out
questionnaires through e-mails
regarding peoples view and
familiarization on the game of sudoku.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Pros: The researcher can save on time and
money in gathering the information
needed because questionnaires can be
given to a large number of respondents
at the same time.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Indirect or Questionnaire Method
Cons: The researcher cannot expect that all
distributed questionnaires will be retrieved
because some respondents simply ignore the
questionnaires.
Clarifications cannot be made if the
respondent does not understand the question.

Data Gathering Techniques

3. The Registration Method
This method is governed by laws.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Registration Method
Example:

The

number
be

of

professionals

can

Professional

Regulation

registered

found

at

the

Commission

(PRC). The number of births and death

rates are registered in the National
Statistics Office (NSO).

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Registration Method
Pros: This method is the most reliable
since it is enforced by laws.
Cons: Data are limited to what are listed in
the document.

Data Gathering Techniques

4. The Experimental Method
This method is utilized to find out
cause and effect relationships.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Experimental Method
Example: Medical technologists would like to
know the effect of a new brand of vitamins on
the growth of toddlers. The new brand will be
taken by a set of toddlers, while another set
will be given the already existing brand. The
growth of toddlers will then be compared to
determine which vitamins is better.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Experimental Method
Pros: This method goes beyond plain
description of data.
Cons: Care should be taken on making
conclusions
experiment.

to

the

result

of

the

Data Gathering Techniques

5. The Observation Method
As the name itself indicates is
based on observation. Observation is
keen and scientific study of a problem.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Observation Method
Example: in a study of consumer
behavior the investigator instead of
asking the brand of wrist watch
used by the respondent, may
himself look a the watch.

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Schedule Method
6. The Schedule Method
It is a proforma containing a set of
questions.

This

proforma

is

filled

by

enumerators who are specially identified for

the purpose. The enumerators are persons
acting under the direction of researchers

Data Gathering Techniques:

The Schedule Method
Requisite of a good schedule

Accurate communication

Schedules must be attractive

Schedules must be attractive

Determining the Sample Size

Slovins Formula

where

n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error

Sampling Techniques

Sampling
SAMPLING

is the process of

selecting samples from a given

population.

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling
Probability

Sampling

Samples are chosen in such a way

that each member of the population has
a known though not necessarily equal
chance of being included in the samples.

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling
Advantages

of Probability Sampling

1.

It avoids biases.

2.

It provides basis for calculating the margin

of error

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling Examples
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are
chosen at random with members of the population
having known or sometimes equal probability or
chance of being included in the samples.
a)

Lottery

b)

Sampling with the use of Table of Random

Numbers

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling Examples
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING: Samples are randomly
chosen following certain rules set by the
researchers

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling Examples
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING:
This method is used when the population
N is too big to handle, thus dividing N
into subgroups called STRATA.

Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling Examples
CLUSTER SAMPLING: Cluster
sampling is sometimes called area
sampling because it is usually applied
when the population is large. Groups or
clusters instead of individuals are
randomly chosen.

Sampling Techniques:
Non-Probability Sampling
NON

PROBABILITY

SAMPLING:
Each member of the population does
not have a known chance of being
included in the sample. Instead, personal
judgement plays a very important role in
the selection.

Sampling Techniques: NonProbability Sampling Examples

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING:
This type is used because of the
convenience it offers to the
researcher.

Sampling Techniques: NonProbability Sampling Examples

QUOTA SAMPLING: This is very
similar to stratified random sampling.
The only difference is that the selection
of the members of the samples in
stratified sampling is done randomly

Sampling Techniques: NonProbability Sampling Examples

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING:
Choosing the respondents on
the basis of predetermined
criteria set by the researcher.

Margin of Error
When we use a sample, we do not get the
actual value but just an estimate of the
parameter. Hence, there is an error
associated when using the sample. We
call that the margin of error represented
by e.

Margin of Error
Example: Suppose we want to find the average
age of the second year students of SRSTHS.
However, due to insufficient time, only the
students in the third floor were used to estimate
the average height. Obviously, the result is not
the actual average height but just an estimate
and thus, there is really an error when we use
the sample instead of the population.

Example In Finding the Sample

Size
A group of researchers will conduct a survey to
find out the opinion of residents of a particular
community regarding the hospital arrest of
GMA.

If there are 15000 residents in the

community and the researchers plan to use a

sample using a 10% margin of error, what
should the sample size be?

Example In Finding the Sample

Size
A group of researchers will conduct a survey to
find out the opinion of residents of a particular
community regarding the hospital arrest of
GMA.

If there are 15000 residents in the

community and the researchers plan to use a

sample using a 10% margin of error, what
should the sample size be?

Example In Finding the Sample

Size
* A 10% margin of error means that the
researcher is 90% confident that the result
obtained using the sample will closely
approximate the result had they used the
population.

Example In Finding the Sample

Size
A group of researchers will conduct a survey to
find out the opinion of residents of a particular
community regarding the hospital arrest of
GMA.

If there are 15000 residents in the

community and the researchers plan to use a

sample using a 10% margin of error, what
should the sample size be?

THANK YOU!!!

GROUP II
Mikael

Rodillas

Divine

Verchez

Romar

Bigtas

Heizon

Samson

Daryl

John Reola

Jessamel

Belardo