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1. INTRODUCTION
Ecodial 3.36 :
98 SE, Win 2000, XP
Included :
Contactors , Circuit breakers (Telemecanique),
Thermal relays, Soft starters, Variable speed drives,
Capacitors
Calculation method : CENELEC (R0064-003)
Installation rules : IEC364, C15-100 (ed. 2003), BS7671
Calculation standards define the formulas that should be used to calculate short
circuit currents.
IEC909 : method to calculate three phase short circuit currents in electrical
installations
CENELEC guide R064-003 (as known as NFC15-500): method for calculating ALL
short circuit currents (min, max, earth fault, single phase, three phase, ), voltage
drops, cable short circuit withstand
What is Ecodial ?
Ecodial is a low voltage network calculation tool.
It can calculate simple arborescent type networks
no loops/ring feed systems
Ecodial calculates
cable cross section based on
- upstream protection setting, maximum allowable voltage drop, protection
against indirect contact,
short circuit currents according to :
- type of short circuit, polarity of circuit and earthing method
sets protection devices based on
- short circuit currents, expected loads,
General characteristics
Calculation / General characteristics
General characteristics
Calculation / General characteristics
CSA N / CSA Ph (1) : sets the minimum ratio between phase and neutral conductors.
This is used to allow half neutrals (1/2) or require full neutrals (1).
Tolerance (5%) : Ecodial calculates the theoretical Phase CSA. Tolerance can be
included to allow the choice of cable slightly smaller than the theoretical value.
Standard (IEC947-2) : Allows the user to choose a default product standard (IEC947-2 or
IEC898) according to which the breaking capacity of the circuit breakers are given. If the
standard is set to IEC898, Ecodial automatically chooses IEC947-2 if no IEC898 are
available
Target power factor (0.96) : this is the value Ecodial will use to size the required
capacitor bank. It corresponds to the power factor downstream of the transformer.
System frequency (50Hz) : enables users to choose products that are suitable for 60hz
applications (capacitors, ).
Thermal stress compliance (No) : enables Ecodial to check out that cables chosen are in
compliance with thermal stress under short circuit.
Spreading properties
Calculation
One will be able to modify some of these characteristics afterwards. Ecodial will then ask
whether the modified characteristic should be spread abroad down the electrical network or
not. This function can be quite useful in case the user is looking quickly for the results of a
variant of its own design
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11
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Advanced editing
Zoom : drag a box around the area to zoom into
Grid
Alf F3 = search for a particular circuit based on its name or ID
Circuit selection (multiple) : keep SHIFT button pressed while selecting multiple circuits,
or draw a box around the circuits to select.
Moving circuits : drag and drop the selection
Copying circuits (including the characteristics)
select circuit to be copied
CTRL+C and then CTRL+V
Edit / Copy and then Edit / Paste
Enlarge busbars : select busbar, click on
, enlarge bars.
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3
C1
Source
Q1
Switchboard
B2
Q3
C3
L3
Main Load
Q4
Q5
K4
C5
C4
M4
Main motor
D5
Main lighting
Main lighting
E5
1
4
Useful tools
Network / Item lists
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1
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1
7
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When single phases are connected to a three phase board, Ecodial can
automatically suggest a phase distribution solution
The automatic distribution can be modified.
The logic applied is the following
Ecodial sorts the loads by decreasing intensity.
Starting from the highest load, Ecodial will place the loads onto the first phase
until the sum of these loads is equal to 33% of the total load
Ecodial then tries to load the second phase until the sum of these loads
reaches 50% of the remaining loads.
All the loads that remain are then allocated to the third phase.
This systems gives the best possible distribution in most cases. It is always
possible to manually modify the result.
The upstream circuit is sized on the highest phase loading.
1
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The Calculation
Calculation / Calculate
Automatic mode
-
Manual mode
-
parameters can be defined by user, and then they are checked to see if they verify all the
safety criteria.
An unsafe choice will not be allowed to be validated.
Equipment calculated
-
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2
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The Calculation
Calculation / Calculate
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The Calculation
Calculation / Calculate
Busbar sizing :
For main busbar, size is defined by the circuit breaker protection which is defined by the
nominal current of transformer (and not the sum of the load currents !)
For other busbar (sub DB) : sizing according to circuit breaker protection, which is defined
by the load current.
Short circuit currents
Ik max : cold short circuit (copper is cold-low resistivity)
Ik min : warm short circuit (copper is warm - high resistivity)
Ik3 : three phase bolted fault
Ik2 : phase - phase fault
Ik1 : phase - neutral fault
Earth fault : phase-earth fault
2
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The Calculation
Resistivity values
1= 1,2x o at 70 degrees
PR
-
1= 1,28x o at 90 degrees
2
4
The Calculation
Short circuit currents (values of resistivity to be used)
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5
C1
Source
Q1
G8
Switchboard
B2
Q3
C3
Main Load
Q4
Q5
K4
C5
Q6
C6
C8
Q8
Emerg encyDB
B7
L3
C4
M4
Main motor
D5
E5
Emerg encysupply
Q9
C9
L9
Q10
Vital Load
K10
C10
Vital Motor
M10
2
6
2
7
2
8
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Circuit description
Transformer
3
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Circuit description
PE Cable Cross section area from transformer (2)
Immersed transformer
Dry transformer
3
1
Circuit description
Transformer (3)
Results :
(1,05 Un) 2
ZQ
S kQ
In
Isc I k 3 max
S rT
3 Un
cmax 1,05 Un
3 Z upstream
Pcu 3 In 2 RT
3
2
Circuit description
Transformer (4)
3
3
Circuit description
Generators
3
4
Circuit description
Any source
3
5
Circuit description
Any source (2)
Characteristics fields
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Circuit description
Any source (3)
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Circuit description
Any source (4)
Factors Cmin and Cmax, along with the resistivities 0, 1 and 2 of the circuits,
are used to distinguish between the maximum and minimum short-circuit current
values.
However, what types of circuits are concerned, what are their lengths
and what resisitivity values should be applied?
In this concern, UTE C 15 500 considers RQ and XQ, with RQ invariable
with respect to temperature.
The ratio R/X of the different impedances.
Ecodial 3.3 offers the possibility of entering an additional value, the
power factor under short-circuit conditions, that is applied for Ik3max
and Ik1min. Of course, taking the same short-circuit power factor for Ik3
and Ik1 leads to an approximation in the calculation of the neutral and
PE impedances.
A test is required to check for consistency between the values entered
for Ik3max and Ik1min.
Ecodial 3.3 offers the possibility of checking Ik1min with respect to Ik3max.
According to the characteristics (system earthing arrangement, distributed
neutral, reduced neutral, etc.), incompatibilities will be corrected and the user
will be asked to confirm certain assumptions.
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Circuit description
Any source (5)
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Circuit description
Capacitor
Power factor before compensation : value of the power factor calculated in the
Power Sum (the Power Sum must be run to calculate a Capacitor bank)
Power of the Harmonic sources : In order to take into account the effect of
harmonics on the capacitors, Ecodial needs the power of all the harmonic generating
(non-linear) loads on the network. This value is used in conjunction with the
transformer size to identify the type (Standard, H or SAH) of capacitor used by
Ecodial.
Power (kvar) : Total power of the capacitor bank needed to attain the target power
factor.
Type of compensation
Step : resolution of the automatic capacitor bank : ex 5x50kvar means the capacitor
bank can go from 0 to 250kvar in steps of 50 kvar (controlled by the regulator)
Ib : current drawn by the capacitor bank (inclusive of possible harmonic currents and
manufacturing tolerances)
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Circuit description
Capacitor
Ih
Vh
L,
Harmonic current
injection
Transformer
(PT)
Equivalent impedance of L-C circuit (resistances ignored)
Z= j.L./ (1-L.C.)
C,
Capacitor
(Q)
ucc(%) Qc
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kVA to be supplied
maximum load current
short-circuit current
IB
rated current of protective
device (C.B. or fuses)
Isc
short-circuit current-breaking
rating of C.B. or fuses
In
choice of
protective device
conditions of
installations
choice of C.B
or fuses
cross-sectional area of
conductors of the circuit
verification of the maximum
voltage drop
Iscb
verification of thermal
withstand requirements
IT or TN scheme
verification of the
maximum length of
the circuit
TT scheme
determination of the
cross-sectional area
of the conductors
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apparent power to
convey
short-circuit
power at origin
of circuit
operational current IB
IB
short-circuit
current
ICC
protective device
breaking capacity
protective device
rated current
In or Ir
bc
choice of
protective device
choice of
protective device
Iz = 1.31 In
Iz = 1.21 In
Iz = 1.10 In
I'z =
installation
conditions
circuit-breaker
fuse
In < 10A
In > 10A < 25A
In > 25A
Iz
K
K 1. K 2 .K 3 = K
In or Ir
conductor cross-section
Checking maximal
voltage drop
TT system
determination of conductor
cross-section
I'z =In or Ir
K
IT or TN system
Checking maximum
duct length
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Circuit description
Circuit breaker (distribution)
Range : Product range from which the circuit breaker is to be chosen. If Ecodial
cannot find a breaker in that range it will look for a breaker in a predefined range
(function of the demand current)
Designation : name of circuit breaker
Trip unit / curve : name of the trip unit or curve of the circuit breaker
Nb of poles protected : polarity of the circuit breaker that is required.
Fire protection : this is a characteristic that will force an earth leakage device, and
set it to ensure that a leakage current will not be able to cause a fire (threshold <
300mA)
Integrated with the protection device : certain RCDs are integrated (NS Vigi,
) and certain are separated (RH***). The user can choose the type of RCD
required. By default, Ecodial looks for integrated RCDs, and then separated
RCDs if unsuccessful.
Class : (A / AC ) defines the sensitivity of the RCD to continuous and pulsed DC
signals.
Earth leakage protection device : name of the device ensuring the function of
RCD.
Earth leakage protection : if earth leakage protection (RCD) is required (by
user, or for a particular application, switch this characteristic to YES).
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Circuit description
Circuit breaker (distribution) (2)
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Circuit description
Circuit breaker (distribution) (3)
Cascading requested :
YES : circuit breaker is chosen using cascading with the upstream device (only
the device directly upstream)
NO : circuit breaker is chosen based on its stand-alone breaking capacity.
Discrimination requested :
YES : circuit breakers that have better discrimination potential are selected
instead of normal circuit breakers
Installation : Fixed breakers or withdrawable breakers
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Circuit description
Circuit breaker (motor)
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Circuit description
Circuit breaker (motor) (2)
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Circuit description
Load (1)
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Circuit description
Load (2)
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Circuit description
Motor
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2
Association between the protection (thermal and magnetic) and control devices.
Defines safety and maintenance levels of the association (IEC60947-4).
These associations are verified/proven through testing at levels defined in the
standards (corresponding to extreme conditions on the equipment)
Type 1 : damage is accepted on the contactor and the thermal relay under the two
following conditions :
there is no risk for the operator
other elements must not be damaged
more maintenance required, poor continuity of service, cheaper
equipment
Type 2 : it is acceptable for the main contacts to solder lightly : they can be
easily separated...
little maintenance required, continuity of service improved, more
expensive equipment
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Circuit description
Lighting
5
4
Circuit description
Socket
5
5
Circuit description
Variable Speed Drive
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Circuit description
Variable Speed Drive (2)
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Circuit description
Cable
Length : length of the cable (Short circuit and voltage drop calculations)
Installation method : code for the type of installation. Defines the standard derating
factors and the type of conductors used.
Insulation : sets the insulation material of the cable (impedance calculation)
Type of conductor : output from the Installation method, not an input !
Neutral loaded : source of derating on 3P+N networks
Conductor arrangement : calculation of the linear reactance of the cable
Type of PE : influences the type of cables selected by Ecodial
Number of additional circuits : cable derating
Number of layers : cable derating
K user : additional cable derating (over and above the standards)
Ambient temperature : cable derating
Delta U max on circuit (%) : maximum voltage drop allowed on the cable
Reference : name of cable
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Circuit description
Cable (2)
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TT
Earth fault current (leakage) calculated using the impedance of the source and
earth electrodes, and the Phase-Earth conductor impedance
Standards require an RCD device on the main incomer
the earth and source electrodes must not be interconnected !
TN
Earth fault current calculated using the Phase-Earth conductor impedance
Protection against indirect contact ensured by setting the magnetic under the
Earth fault current
Trip units can be changed to ensure accurate magnetic threshold is used
RCDs can be implemented
IT (2nd fault)
identical calculations as for the TN system
Earth fault current is calculated assuming both fault occur at the same point.
This ensures worse case scenario as if the second fault appears further away,
the real fault current on the 2nd fault would be greater than the calculated fault
current corresponding to the 2nd fault location, and ensuring tripping by the 2nd
fault location protection device.
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Calculation rules
Phase CSA
1 Irth
Sth
K m
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Calculation rules
Neutral CSA
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Calculation rules
Neutral CSA
Recommended actions :
use half neutrals
when there is a 4p3t N/2 circuit breaker protecting the circuit,
and if there is no possibility of excessive phase unbalance and/or triplen
harmonic loading on the circuit.
Note : 3p3t are acceptable solutions, but 4p3t N/2 offer more safety under
unexpected conditions
use full neutrals
when there is a 4p4t circuit breaker protecting the circuit
and if there is a possibility of excessive phase unbalance, or limited triplen
harmonic (max allowed = 33% triplen in the RMS)
Note : 3p3t are acceptable solutions, but 4p4t offer more safety under
unexpected conditions
use double neutrals
with 3p3t circuit breakers
when there is a high risk of excessive triplen harmonic
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Calculation rules
PE CSA
Automatic minimum PE :
if Ph 16mm, PE = Ph x kph/kpe
if Ph 35 mm, PE = 16mm x kph/kpe
if Ph > 35 mm, PE = Ph/2 x kph/kpe
where kph and kpe function of the type of phase and earth conductor (metal,
insulation, single/multi core, )
in TT, max PE = 35mm
Theoretical minimum PE : the theoretical minimum PE cross section should
only verify the It < kS condition, as very little current is ever expected to flow
on the PE (as it is an equipotential link). This condition usually implies small PE
cross sections (+/- 4mm in TN and 1mm in TT). Using such small cables has
two bad consequences :
reducing Earth fault current (due to higher loop impedance), which could require
the use of earth fault protection devices or lowering the magnetic thresholds to
non efficient levels (motor starting and discrimination problems)
creating a higher voltage differential on the PE due to natural leakage currents
Ecodial chooses automatically the CSA given above, but allows smaller
cables to be selected by the user.
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Calculation examples
the effect of long cables
Network
General characteristics
TNS
400V
C1
Transformer
-
T1
800kVA transformer
Incomer cable length = 0
Q1
Tableau
B2
Load
-
Circuit
Q3
3P+N
160A
Installation method 14,touching, multicore, trefoil
THDI<15%
C3
Circuit
L3
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Calculation examples
the effect of long cables
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Calculation examples
Prefabricated busbar trunking
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Calculation examples
Prefabricated busbar trunking (2)
T1
C1
Circuit
Q1
Tableau
B2
Q3
C3
Circuit
CEP
D4
Q5
Q6
C5
Circuit
C6
L5
L6
Circuit
Q7
Q8
C7
Circuit
C8
L7
L8
Q9
Circuit
C9
Circuit
L9
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Ku : usage coefficient
applicable to a CIRCUIT
% full load current when load is running
example :
-
Ks : diversity coefficient
applicable to a DISTRIBUTION BOARD
chance of all feeders drawing maximum load at any given time
relative to the number of feeders on DB.
See Electrical Installation Guide
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Ib
PkW
3U Ph Ph cos
PkW
U Ph N cos
7
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Ku is a user coefficient.
If the user knows is equipment load will be only 80% of
the nominal current, he should input 0.8. These kind of
assumptions are quite common for motors.
Ku is not used to size the macro component. He is
taken into account to size the upstream circuits
7
1
7
2
154.6
36.24
7
3
154.6
7
4
110.94
240.86
154.64
7
5
110.94
240.86
154.64
7
6
7
7
PkVA mU Ph Ph I b 3
PkVA mU Ph N I b
In Bi phases system
PkVA mU Ph Ph I b
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Workshop A
Incomer
Workshop B
Workshop C
Lathe 1
Lathe 2
Distribution box Lathe 3
Lathe 4
Drill 1
Drill 2
3x socket outlet circuit (1P+N)
6x lighting lines (1P+N)
5.5 kW
5.5 kW
5.5 kW
5.5 kW
2.2 kW
2.2 kW
20 A each
10x 100W each
Compressor
5x socket outlet circuit (1P+N)
4x lighting lines (1P+N)
15 kW
20 A each
4x 100W each
Ventilation Fan 1
Distribution box Ventilation Fan 2
Oven 1
Oven 2
10x socket outlet circuit (1P+N)
2x lighting lines (1P+N)
2.2 kW
2.2 kW
15 kW
15 kW
20 A each
2x 100W each
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9
14
.63
19
.53
24
.49
9
.7
29
.46
34
.44
39
.42
49
.41
10+
.6
1
1
.1 to .2 (higher in industry)
1 / .75 / .6
8
0
8
1
8
2
8
3
8
4
Principle of limitation
prospective current
i u
U arc
Il
im
ite
limited current
arc voltage
t
network voltage
8
5
Limitation : how
The limiter block operates in a similar manner to the main poles of the circuit breaker
but is not linked mechanically to the main poles or to the tripping mechanism of the
circuit breaker.
This allows the limiter contacts to re-close after fault interruption. Isolation is then
provided by the circuit breaker contacts.
Fr
Fm
Fm
8
6
kA peak
without
limitation
55
with
limitation
25
Isc
prospective
Isc peak
0
prospective Isc
30
I2t
kA rms
9 x 10
6 x 106
limited Isc
t
30
kA rms
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Definition : discrimination
discrimination (selectivity), is the coordination of automatic protective devices in such a
manner that a fault appearing at a given point in a network is cleared by the protective device
installed immediately upstream of the fault, and by that device alone.
no discrimination
CB1
discrimination
CB1
CB2
CB2
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Restricted discrimination
it
it
D2
D2
D1
D1
D2
Is
Icc
D1
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Definition : cascading
cascading is the use of the current limiting capacity of circuit breakers to permit
installation of lower rated and therefore lower cost downstream circuit breakers.
the principle of cascading has been recognised by the IEC 364-434.3 standard
cascading can only be checked by laboratory tests and the possible combinations can
be specified only by the circuit breaker manufacturer.
comments : the upstream CB acts as a barrier against short-circuit currents. They thus
allow circuit breakers of lower breaking capacity than the prospective short-circuit
current at their point of installation to operate under the stress conditions of normal
breaking.
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multicore cable,
CSAph<16mm (Co), 25mm (Al)
multicore cable,
CSAph >16mm (Co), 25mm (Al)
single cable,
CSAph >16mm (Co), 25mm (Al)
33%<THDI
CS N <= CSA Ph
CS N <= CSA Ph
CS N = CSA Ph
CS N = CSA Ph
CS N = CSA Ph
k=.84
CS N = CSA Ph
Neutral determine Ph
Ib N = 1.45 Ib Ph
k=.84
CS N = 1/2 CSA Ph
Neutral protected
CS N = CSA Ph
k=.84
CS N = CSA Ph
Neutral determine Ph
Ib N = 1.45 Ib Ph
k=.84
CS N = 1/2 CSA Ph
Neutral protected
CS N = CSA Ph
k=.84
CS N > CSA Ph
Neutral determine Ph
Ib N = 1.45 Ib Ph
k=.84
Installation IEC 364 : even IEC 364 has been fully updated yet, Schneider Electric is
stating that one would have better to always take the worst case. Ecodial IEC 364 will
apply the NFC 15 -100 rule.
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