Wireless

LABORATORIO N1
Comunicaciones Inalmbricas
Objetivo: Fijar los conceptos aprendidos sobre comunicaciones
inalmbricas y protocolos de acceso al medio. Familiarizase con el
equipamiento.
Recurso Metodlogico: Realizacin de distintas experiencias en un

banco instalado a los fines del Laboratorio el guiado de los docentes y
participacin activa en las configuraciones y mediciones por parte de los
alumnos
Acciones:
Introduccin explicatoria de los recursos a utilizar, configuraciones y
funcionamiento.
Tiempo:
Experiencia N1: Configuracin del sistema
Tiempo:
Experiencia N1: Pta. en Marcha y mediciones de throughput Tiempo:
Estudio de Caso Proyecto Wireless FIUBA
Tiempo:
Cuestionario
LABORATORIO DE COMUNICACIONES
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES
Escuela de Graduados en
Ingeniera Electrnica y Telecomunicaciones
2hs.
1hs.
1hs.
1hs. 1
Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

UDA - Abril-Mayo 2005
Introduccin explicatoria de los recursos a utilizar, configuraciones y funcionamiento.

Se explicarn los siguientes tpicos:
Equipos a utilizar, facilidades, tipos, partes, configuracin.
Topologa a configurar.
Sistema de Medicin a utilizar, facilidades, tipo, configuracin.
Cables.
Sumario de conceptos bsicos de Wireless.
2

Wireless
Medios cableados y no cableados - wireless
Cobre HFC FO- Inalmbrico (fijos y mviles)
Multiplexing - Multiple Access
Frecuency Division (FDM FDMA)
Time Division (TDM TDMA)
Code Division (CDM CDMA)
Space Division (SDMA)
Polarization Division (PDMA)
3

4

Redes Inalmbricas
Baja inversin inicial, se dimensiona lo bsico y se va creciendo de acuerdo a la
necesidad.
Implantacin rpida.
Gran Cobertura.
Rpida recuperacin de la invertido.
Carctersticas de las redes inalmbricas
El Ancho de Banda (recurso) es limitado.
El Ancho de Banda puede ser asignado en forma:
Fija (FAMA: Fixed Assignment Multiple Access)
Dinmica (DAMA: Demand Assinment Multiple Access)
Tipos de acceso mltiple
FDMA: Acceso mltiple por divisin de frecuencia.
TDMA: Acceso mltiple por divisin de tiempo.
CDMA: Acceso mltiple por divisin de cdigo.

FDMA (Frecuency Division Multiple Access)

El ancho de banda disponible se divide en radiocanales con una
canalizacin L\f .
Las asignaciones son del tipo SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel).
Los usuarios tienen disponible todo el tiempo el radiocanal, el canal es de
uso exclusivo para cada usuario.
Los receptores deben ser sintonizados.
La modulacin puede ser analgica o digital.
Adecuado para sistemas de mediana/baja capacidad de trfico.
6

TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access )

Se usa una so la frecuencia.
La transmisin se divide en ranuras de tiempo T8 (Time 8lots).
El sistema dispone de un sistema de sincronizacin y direccionamiento
para que cada receptor reconozca su TS.
La base emite una seal TDM en difusin.
Las estaciones remotas emiten una seal TDMA.
Las estaciones remotas se sincronizan con estas ranuras.
- Las estaciones remotas emiten rfagas en las ranuras
correspondientes.
- La estacin base mide el tiempo de propagacin de la estacin
remota y le indica a la estacin remota cuando trasmitir, lo que
evita el solapamiento de los datos.
7

8
LABORATORIO
LABORATORIODE
DECOMUNICACIONES
COMUNICACIONES
FACULTAD
FACULTAD
DEDE
INGENIERIA
INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD
UNIVERSIDAD
DEDE
BUENOS
BUENOS
AIRES
AIRES
Escuela
Escuela
de de
Graduados
Graduados
en en
Ingeniera
Ingeniera
Electrnica
Electrnica
y Telecomunicaciones
Curso
Curso
dede
Especializacin
Especializacin
en en
Telecomunicaciones
Telecomunicaciones
UDA
UDA
- Abril-Mayo
- Abril-Mayo
2005
2005
TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access )

La transmisin es digital.
El tipo de modulacin utilizada depende de la eficiencia
espectral y de la robustez requerida.
Las modulaciones tpicas pueden ser QPSK ,8 PSK,8
QAM etc.
Generalmente se combinan ambos sistemas FDD/TDD, se
divide la banda en frecuencias y en cada frecuencia se
definen los TS.
En ambos sistemas se dedican recursos aunque el usuario
no trasmita nada
9

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access )

Es un sistema de espectro ensanchado por 10 que ocupa ms ancho de
banda (W) del necesario para transmitir la informacin.
Todos los usuarios trasmiten al mismo tiempo y en la misma frecuencia.
Utiliza para ensanchar el espectro un cdigo que es independiente de los
datos a transmitir.
En el receptor la sea] es desensanchada con un rplica sincronizada del
cdigo.
10

11

12

13

Permite el uso de receptores tipo " Rake

Aspectos fundamentales desde el punto de vista operativo y de diseo.
- Eleccin de los cdigos
- Habilitar mecanismos de sincronizacin.
Cdigos:
- secuencias estrictamente ortogonales son reducidas
(limitacin ).
- secuencias no estrictamente ortogonales en gran
cantidad.
14

Problemas de la falta de ortogonalidad (efecto cerca lejos)

- En el entorno celular los transmisores pueden estar muy cerca de los
receptores entonces la seal interferente es mayor que la deseada, con los
cdigos perfectamente ortogonales no hay problema pero con cdigos cuasi
ortogonales no puedo compensar la diferencia por lo que debe habilitarse un
control de la potencia emitida por)os mviles.
El margen dinmico para el entorno celular es de 60
dB, en CDMA DS se logra un Gp. de 30 dB.
15

Aplicaciones:
Determinacin de distancia con alta resolucin.
Canales con multitrayectos.
Utilizacin de la tcnica de espectro ensanchado para el reuso de frecuencias
16

Normas y Standars
El estndar 802.11a, es el que a pesar de que en el mercado estadounidense ya
existen multitud de productos que lo utilizan, su operatividad no es posible en
Espaa, Italia, Portugal y Alemania, dentro de los pases europeos, porque la
banda en la que opera, los 5GHz, es de uso restringido militar.
En la Union Europea, el estandar 802.11b, con una banda de 2,4 GHz, hizo su
aparicin en 1999 y permite un ndice de transferencia de datos de hasta 11Mbps.
Hay que contar tambin con el 802.11g, que es an ms rpido que el 802.11a
pero que opera en la misma frecuencia que el 802.11b, de forma que puede ser
utilizado por cualquier dispositivo que haya sido preparado para ste ltimo.
Las letras no quedan slo en esta tres, sino que hay otros estndares que se
estn desarrollando y que hacen referencia a la seguridad, como es el caso de
802.11i, que es como el 802.11g pero que integra medidas de seguridad relativas
a una mayor encriptacin de los datos y contraseas.
17
LABORATORIO
LABORATORIODE
DECOMUNICACIONES
COMUNICACIONES
FACULTAD
FACULTAD
DEDE
INGENIERIA
INGENIERIA
UNIVERSIDAD
UNIVERSIDAD
DEDE
BUENOS
BUENOS
AIRES
AIRES
Escuela
Escuela
de de
Graduados
Graduados
en en
Ingeniera
Ingeniera
Electrnica
Electrnica
Curso
Curso
dede
Especializacin
Especializacin
en en
Telecomunicaciones
Telecomunicaciones
UDA
UDA
- Abril-Mayo
- Abril-Mayo
2005
2005
Despus de aos de lucha, Bluetooth ha entrado en el mercado y est teniendo

un tremendo xito, aunque no el que le auguraron sus ms fieles defensores en el
principio de sus tiempos, que vean oficinas conectadas de forma inalmbrica a
travs de esta tecnologa. Finalmente, Bluetooth y Wi-Fi han sabido convivir en el
mundo de la tecnologa y cada una de ellas se propone con una solucin
inalmbrica especfica.
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) en smart cards, o tarjetas inteligentes,
estndar para dispositivos que puedan divagar entre redes de telefona mvil y
redes Wi-Fi. Las tarjetas inteligentes, que se colocan por detrs de las bateras de
los telfonos mviles, almacenan la informacin sobre las cuentas de los
suscriptores.
EAP proporciona una mayor seguridad que WPA, a travs de una mejor
encriptacin o claves de un solo uso, por ejemplo. La tecnologa EAP ser mucho
ms utilizada en oficinas y otros entornos profesionales que hace mucho ms
hincapi en la seguridad de las redes.
Por otra parte, se espera que WPA sea algo temporal ya que en el horizonte ya
existe un estndar ms seguro, el 802.11i, aunque no estar disponible antes de
finales de ao y no se espera que los productos que lo soporten aparezcan antes
18
deLABORATORIO
mediado de 2004.
DE COMUNICACIONES

Conceptos de Seguridad
Proteccin contra Sniffing, Spoofing, Jamming, Man-in-the-middle, DOS
Seguridad tradicional: SSID, clave WEP, tipos de autenticacin
IEEE 802.1X: utiliza EAP (Extensible Authenticate protocol)
IEEE 802.11i: Estandar definitivo. Agrega TKIP
19

Normas y Standars
Normas
IEEE
Modulacin
Frecuencia Acceso
Producto Observaciones
802.11a
OFDM
5Ghz
CSMA/CA Wi-Fi
802.11b
CDMA/
DS-FH
2Ghz
CSMA/CA Wi-Fi
802.11g
OFDM
2Ghz
CSMA/CA Wi-Fi
802.16d
OFDM
2-60Ghz
TDMA/
ALOHA
Wi-Max
Viene a regular
LMDS (frec.
altas, eje.
38Ghz) y
MMDS (frec.
bajas, eje.
2.5Ghz)
20

CALCULO DE ENLACE
Balance de Potencia
PRX
Ganancia de Antena
4
G 2 AEF
PTX
sup RX
2
4 d
Potencia Isotrpica Radiada Equivalente
PIREEST PTX GTX
PRX
PTX 2
2 2 2 G ANTTX G ANTRX
4 d
Atenuacin de Espacio Libre
4 d
A0
Ancho de Banda en Mhz
BWPort
1
1
1 r
Rb
FEC
log 2 M
21

What is MMDS?
MMDS, which stands for multi-channel multi-point distribution system, is the
latest in wireless internet technology. At speeds at over 100 times that of a
standard dial-up modem, MMDS easily outstrips DSL or cable modems on speed
and reliabilty. MMDS is a line-of-sight application, but a single transmitter can
service a 35 mile radius. That's over 3000 square miles! Plus, unlike other
wireless technology or satellite transmission, the signal performance of MMDS is
very resistant to rain, snow or fog, ensuring smooth operation under the worst
conditions.
How does it work?
MMDS uses a band of frequencies that's very close to television frequencies. In
fact, one of the earliest uses was to transmit cable TV channels to locations that
were not covered by standard cable. Once the FCC began allowing two way
transmission on these frequencies, wireless internet was born.
22

What are some benefits to MMDS?

At greater than T1 speeds, MMDS can reach areas previously left out of
broadband coverage. All too often, business have to pay for expensive T1's
because of their distance from phone/cable equipment. With MMDS, the
likelyhood of being in a non coverage is area is almost zero, and there aren't
any local loop or line charges from your telephone company that accompany
ISDN or T1s.
23

What is LMDS?
At its most basic level, LMDS uses microwave signals (actually millimeterwave
signals) in the 28 GHz spectrum to transmit voice, video, and data signals within
small cells 3-10 miles in diameter. A little more in depth, Local Multipoint
Distribution Service (LMDS) is a microwave broadband service that will allow
license holders to control up to 1.3 GHz of wireless spectrum in the 28 GHz Kaband once FCC auctions have been completed. The 1.3 GHz can be used to carry
digital data at speeds in excess of 1 Gbps. The extremely high frequency used and
the need for point to multipoint transmissions limits the distance that a receiver can
be from a transmitter. This means that LMDS will be a "cellular" technology, based
on multiple, contiguous, or overlapping cells.
24

What does the acronym LMDS mean?

"Local Multipoint Distribution Service" sounds like another confusing acronym, but
it is actually a surprisingly accurate
description of the technology.
* Local is appropriate because the low-powered millimeter waves lose strength
quickly, and consequently are useful only over a limited distance, or small cells
with a 2 - 7 km.
* Multipoint accurately describes the physical structure of LMDS cells. Unlike most
point-to-point microwave, LMDS permits two-way simultaneous communication
between a multi-directional central hub (point) and dispersed businesses or
homes (multipoints) and vice versa.
* Distribution is purposefully vague because LMDS spectrum is expected to be
lightly regulated and to allow simultaneous voice, data, and (digital as well as
analog) video. The 1.3 GHz of bandwidth expected to be auctioned can carry a
wide range of services and content types.
* Service. Compared to most spectrum allocations to date, LMDS bandwidth is
practically unconstrained.
25

What services will LMDS provide?

LMDS will provide customers with multichannel video programming, telephony,
video communications, and two-way data services.
Why should I be interested in LMDS? What are its advantages?
LMDS incorporates an enormous amount of spectrum. The sheer size of the
spectrum and the expectation that it will be lightly regulated are the most
attractive aspect of LMDS. And since LMDS can be used for two-way
transmission, it is seen as a way to provide interactive services without the
problems encountered on fiber or coax lines. What passes as broadband speed
now pales in comparison to the speeds promised by LMDS. Hewlett-Packard
envisions throughputs as fast as 1.5 Gbps downstream, with upstream rates as
high as 200 Mbps. That's enough bandwidth for most homes in a neighborhood to
watch separate digital movies, teleconference, and surf the Internet at high speed
all at the same time.
26

How does LMDS fit into the Radio Frequency Spectrum?

The Radio Frequency Spectrum is a small section of the electromagnetic
spectrum which ranges from the high end of audible sound to the low end of
Infrared. The electromagnetic spectrum is measured in Hertz which is simply
shorthand for cycles per second. Radio, Light and Rays (e.g. x-rays, Gammarays) are all part of the Electromagnetic continuum. Cellular phones at 800 MHz
are at the low end of microwaves. Direct Broadcast Services, MMDS wireless
cable, point-to-point microwave, and LMDS systems all use microwaves. LMDS
uses a specific band in the microwave spectrum, known as millimeter waves or
the 28 GHz "Ka-band." More tangibly, if LMDS were used on a point-to-point
basis the beam would be about as wide as a pencil lead (about a millimeter) and
would have a frequency of approximately 28 billion cycles per second.
What is the potential in LMDS?
As with other analog transmission mediums, digital data can be modulated over
LMDS spectrum. LMDS is a segment of analog Radio Frequency spectrum which
is measured in Hertz. Using a conservative modulation scheme (QPSK), 1.3 GHz
of LMDS spectrum can transport roughly 1 Gbps of digital data.
27

How would LMDS get to my home or business?

Unless you live near New York City, the FCC will have to schedule auctions for
the spectrum. The winner of that auctions for the Basic Trading Area in which you
live/work would then construct an LMDS hub near your home/office. You would
sign up for service and have an LMDS rooftop transceiver and downconverter
installed. Direct line-of-sight between the transmitter and receiver is essential.
Then, you would be able to use LMDS in your home/office. The number of homes
and businesses served per cell is a function of cell size, cell density, and the
power of the hub antenna.
28

What is the necessary equipment for receiving LMDS in my home or

business?
The following is a list of the necessary equipment for receiving LMDS:
* A roof mounted transceiver, or antenna, which receives/transmits the 28 GHz
signal from/to the hub.
* An up/downconverter which would change the frequency of the microwave
signals to a lower intermediate frequency that the electronics in the home/office
can more easily (and inexpensively) manipulate.
* Network interface unit which controls the interaction of household or business
devices with the transceiver.
* A telephony interface, as LMDS has the potential to be used for second-line
telephony.
* An Ethernet computer interface which may be configured to be either a 10
Mbps or 100 Mbps Ethernet connection, and will allow for multiple computer
devices to be connected.
* A television set-top box. LMDS set-top boxes deployed in the future will most
likely be digital. The digital set-top box will receive MPEG-2 video (already
downconverted to an intermediate frequency), decode it, transform it back to an
analog signal, and pass it to a connected television set. All of these services can
29
be transported simultaneously using LMDS.

What determines cell sizes?

The main factors that play into the cell size decisions are: line-of-sight, analog vs.
digital signals, overlapping cells vs. single transmitter cells, amount of local rainfall,
transmission and receiver height, foliage density, and the specific transmission
technology used (e.g. travelling wave tube vs. solid state).
What about interference?
Interference in the LMDS millimeterwave signals is a result of weather, physical
objects, and overlapping signals.
* Weather: A microwave oven uses microwaves to excite water molecules to a boil by
transferring energy from the microwave to the water molecule. Just like microwaves in
a microwave oven but with much less power, LMDS microwaves react with water
molecules. Microwaves cause water to heat, and water causes microwaves to lose
signal strength. This property is great for rapid food preparation, but is a drawback for
high quality microwave communication. Communication engineers call this "rain fade."
LMDS millimeterwaves experience rain fade as well. To overcome rain fade, LMDS
transmitters are designed with sufficient "link margin" or excess power to overcome
rain fade. Some designs also contemplate the inclusion of rain detection devices
which will automatically boost the transmit power when it rains. Thus, a low powered,
high frequency signal can withstand rain fade if the cell size is small enough.
Therefore, for cells with radiuses of between 2 km and 5 miles rain fade is not a
30
problem for LMDS.

Shadow Areas: LMDS, like all microwave transmissions, is strictly a line-of-site

technology. Lower frequency FM radio signals will penetrate trees, walls and even
hills. Millimeterwave LMDS signals, on the other hand, are reflected by leafy trees,
walls and hills. These objects therefore create shadow areas which do not receive
direct signals. Hewlett-Packard (HP) studied this phenomenon in San Francisco and
discovered with a single non-overlapping transmitter, 35% of potential LMDS
customers will fall in shadow areas. To overcome this, HP proposes using a 4x (four
times overlap) strategy.
Does LMDS pose a threat to humans or the natural environment?
No. LMDS signals use very low levels of power, that do not harm the environment.
How much of the RF spectrum will the FCC designate for LMDS?
All inter-state uses of the RF are licensed by the FCC. The FCC has already
designated 1GHz of spectrum for LMDS at 28 GHz and an additional 300 MHz of
spectrum in the 31 GHz band. (See the auction rules for specific bands.) The FCC
hopes the spectrum will be used to compete with cable and local exchange
companies with services such as multichannel video programming, telephony, video
communications, and two-way data services.
31

When will the FCC hold LMDS spectrum auctions?

The FCC has scheduled the auctions to begin on December 10, 1997, and
requires auction participant registration on or before November 10, 1997. There
are, however, rampant rumors that the auctions may be delayed. The LMDS
auctions have been pending for several years, but they were initially delayed
because of conflicts between LMDS proponents and the backers of fixed and
mobile satellite services. A current lawsuit from Ameritech with support from USTA
may further delay the auctions. The FCC will use Simultaneous Multiple Round
Auctions which will allow them to auction all BTA licenses simultaneously.
Whenever they occur, the LMDS auctions will likely draw a great deal of attention.
What are Basic Trading Areas (BTA) and how were they determined?
There are 492 Basic Trading Areas across the U.S. and four territories of which the
FCC has plans to auction LMDS spectrum (see map below). The BTA concept was
licensed from Rand McNally and each BTA theoretically represents a somewhat
homogeneous geographic market. The Trading Area boundaries are on a countyline basis because most statistics relevant to marketing are published in terms of
whole counties. The boundaries were determined after intensive study of such
factors as physiography, population distribution, newspaper circulation, economic
activities, highway facilities, railroad service, suburban transportation, and field
reports of experienced analysts.
32

What are the FCC's auction rules?

On March 11, 1997, the FCC released the service and competitive bidding rules
for LMDS spectrum in the 27.5-28.35 GHz, the 29.1-29.25 GHz, and the 31.031.3 GHz bands. The rules are summarized below:
* 1,300 MHz of LMDS spectrum will be split into two licenses, one for 1150 MHz
and one for 150 MHz, and will be licensed in Basic Trading Areas creating 984
authorizations.
* Incumbent local exchange carriers and cable companies may not obtain the inregion 1150 MHz license for three years.
* Within 10 years, licenses will be required to provide 'substantial service' in their
service regions.
* There are no restrictions on the number of licenses a given entity may acquire.
* LMDS may be provided on a common carrier and/or a non-common carrier
basis.
* Bidding credits and installment payment plans will be available to small business
and entities with average annual gross revenue less than $75 million.
33

Who first developed LMDS?

Bernard Bossard is generally recognized as the father of LMDS. Bossard, who
had worked with microwaves for the military believed he could make point to
multipoint video work in the 28 GHz band. Bossard wasn't interested in sending
high powered, low frequency signals over long distances. Instead he focused on
sending low powered, high frequency signals over a short distance. And it worked.
LMDS was born. In 1986, he received funding from Shant Hovnanian and his
father Vahak, the northeast seaboard real-estate moguls. Together, they formed
CellularVision. CellularVision then spun off the technical rights to their techniques
for LMDS into a separate subsidiary, CT&T, which would license CellularVision
technologies.
Is LMDS currently being commercially deployed anywhere in the US?
Yes. Bernard Bossard and Shant Hovnanian's CellularVision was awarded a
pioneer's license for Brighton Beach, NY for its role in developing LMDS.
CellularVision currently operates the only commercial LMDS site in the US where
they are providing over 40 analog channels of video programming to subscribers
primarily in the Brighton Beach area of New York. CellularVision has recently been
expanding the number of operating cells in the New York area and now claims
more than 12,000 subscribers.
34

What is expected cost of LMDS service?

A business case was compiled which evaluated an LMDS deployment in the
Santa Clara Valley of California. (The primary uses for the LMDS network in this
study were work at home and high speed Internet access.) This likely scenario
assumes 7 business cells and 22 residential cells. Each cell is assumed to be 4
km x 4 km squared. There are an estimated 13,150 homes per cell. Copies of this
analysis are unavailable. However, custom analyses are available from VIPC,
which can be reached at 303-721-7830.
* The cost to obtain LMDS spectrum is estimated to be $16 per household
covered.
* 10% of covered homes are assumed to have signed up by the third year for
service costing $150 per month (which is expected to be paid by employers).
* 60% of major employers are also assumed to have signed up by the third year
for service costing $3,000 per month.
* Customer premise equipment is expected to cost $650 per home. this includes a
roof-mounted transceiver, a downconverter, and an Ethernet adapter.
The cost of the LMDS hub is expected to be $370,000 and interconnection
charges are expected to cost $10,000
35
per hub.

How much revenue can LMDS operators expect to generate from deploying
LMDS
service?
A business case was compiled which evaluated an LMDS deployment in the
Santa Clara Valley of California. (The primary uses for the LMDS network in this
study were work at home and high speed Internet access.)
* The 1st year of business shows revenue of $14.9 million with pre-tax profit of
$6.2 million.
* By the 3rd year, revenue is up to $42.5 million and pre-tax profit is $21.5 million.
* By the end of the 5th year, revenue is $58.1 million and pre-tax profit is $32.1
million.
Why LMDS now?/Why is LMDS suddenly receiving so much attention?
Three factors have all come together to make LMDS look Attractive after several
years of relative obscurity. For years the physics of terrestrial 28 GHz
communication looked unattractive, but the physics issues have largely been
resolved. Additionally, the FCC has scheduled auctions for LMDS. And finally,
probable demand for a very high capacity digital-capable transport system is
growing as Internet use expands and businesses recognize their "need for
speed."
36

Physics Answer:
* 28 GHz band was thought to be useless for terrestrial communications, used
only for satellite to earth communication.
* Millimeterwaves don't pass through buildings, they lose power rapidly, and
aren't good for long distance broadcast.
* BUT over short distances with line-of-sight, millimeter band is very effective.
* AND Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Integrated Circuits are now available.
Regulatory Answer:
* The FCC has scheduled auctions to begin on December 10, 1997.
* The FCC resolved a multiple year dispute between LMDS interests and
FSS/MSS satellite interests.
* This will be the single largest block of spectrum ever available.
* 30 MHz wide PCS band auctions raised $18 billion. LMDS is 1,300 MHz wide
band, over 40 times
larger than PCS (but unlike PCS, LMDS requires a stationary receiver).
37

Business Answer:
* Variable cost driven architecture - Pay for the spectrum, hub, and the
backbone, then all other costs variable (no trenching required).
* Viable at low take rates (e.g. in competitive markets)
* Rapid Deployment.
* Business and residential - true multimedia (data, voice, video).
* Spectrum available internationally (Australia, Canada, Chile)
The demand for bandwidth, even for residential, is escalating. Consumers and
businesses are ready to pay for fast Internet and work at home. These factors
have combined to create a fertile ground for a technology that has access to
gargantuan bandwidth and can be deployed for low up-front costs.
What are some of the risks involved with LMDS?
* Cable Companies and RBOCs Challenge Their Bidding Limitations, Resulting
in Possible Auction Delays.
* Little Commercial Testing of Technologies.
* Regulations Undefined.
* Possible Royalty Conflicts.
* Unknown Timeline for Production Quantities/Prices.
38


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LABORATORIO N1

Recurso Metodlogico: Realizacin de distintas experiencias en un

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Introduccin explicatoria de los recursos a utilizar, configuraciones y funcionamiento.

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

FDMA (Frecuency Division Multiple Access)

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access )

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access )

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access )

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Permite el uso de receptores tipo " Rake

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Problemas de la falta de ortogonalidad (efecto cerca lejos)

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Despus de aos de lucha, Bluetooth ha entrado en el mercado y est teniendo

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Proteccin contra Sniffing, Spoofing, Jamming, Man-in-the-middle, DOS

Seguridad tradicional: SSID, clave WEP, tipos de autenticacin

IEEE 802.1X: utiliza EAP (Extensible Authenticate protocol)

IEEE 802.11i: Estandar definitivo. Agrega TKIP

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Potencia Isotrpica Radiada Equivalente

PIREEST PTX GTX

Atenuacin de Espacio Libre

Ancho de Banda en Mhz

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What are some benefits to MMDS?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What does the acronym LMDS mean?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What services will LMDS provide?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

How does LMDS fit into the Radio Frequency Spectrum?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

How would LMDS get to my home or business?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What is the necessary equipment for receiving LMDS in my home or

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What determines cell sizes?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Shadow Areas: LMDS, like all microwave transmissions, is strictly a line-of-site

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

When will the FCC hold LMDS spectrum auctions?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What are the FCC's auction rules?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Who first developed LMDS?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

What is expected cost of LMDS service?

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones

Curso de Especializacin en Telecomunicaciones